Frontiers in Clinical Drug Research-Diabetes and Obesity

Volume: 2

New and Promising Drugs for Obesity

Author(s): Natalia G. Vallianou, Angelos A. Evangelopoulos and Christos E. Kazazis

Pp: 189-234 (46)

DOI: 10.2174/9781681081854116020009

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

As the obesity epidemic continues, there is demand for more potent and with less side effects anti-obesity drugs. Serotonin is widely- known to participate in the process of satiety. A novel drug that has been associated with serotonin, has been FDA approved in 2012 for the treatment of obesity and is called lorcaserin. It acts as a selective 5-HT2C agonist on pro-opiomelanocortin neurons, thus inducing alpha- melanocyte stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) and thereby, decreasing appetite. Bupropion also stimulates pro-opiomelanocortin neurons in the hypothalamus resulting in an anorexigenic effect. The combination of phentermine and extended-release topiramate has recently gained approval for the treatment of obesity by the FDA. Phentermine stimulates the release of noradrenaline, dopamine, and serotonin, in a non-selective manner. Phentermine has already been tried as a short-term therapy for obesity, while topiramate, a drug used for the treatment of epilepsy, has been proposed as an anti-obesity drug, based on remarks of weight loss among patients treated with this anticonvulsant drug. Besides, it has been documented that “glucagon-like peptide 1” (GLP-1), and glucagon, together with oxyntomodulin (OXM) have the potential to produce brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis by means of a centrally involved sympathetic pathway. As the use of “GLP-1 receptor agonists” for treating type 2 diabetic patients has become widespread, this category of drugs could probably be efficacious in combating obesity in the near future. In fact, exanetide and liraglutide have been recently FDA approved as anti-obesity drugs. Orlistat together with cetilistat are gastrointestinal and pancreatic lipase inhibitors, which result in reduced fat absorption, but cetilistat is suggested to have better tolerability than orlistat. Recent data has reported the existence of a new class of neuropeptides, called orexins or hypocretins, which are produced in the hypothalamus and whose actions are mediated by two types of receptors: OX1R and OX2R. More specifically, the orexinergic neurons have been located exclusively in cells in the lateral, dorsomedial and perifornical areas of the hypothalamus. Despite this highly specific anatomical origin, the orexinergic neurons are projected widely into a number of brainstem, cortical and limbic regions. Besides, targeting peroxisome proliferator activated-receptor gamma, seems to be a promising pathway to control the obesity epidemic in the future. Other novel drugs, which have been explored and seem promising against obesity and therefore are worth mentioning are beloranib, velerenib and tesofensine. Tesofensine possesses inhibitory properties regarding serotonin, dopamine and mainly noradrenaline. Velneperit is an oral, small-molecule NPY5 receptor antagonist, which acts centrally and is given once daily. Neuropeptide Y (NPY), an appetite-stimulating substance, has a key -role in homeostasis of energy balance, especially under food deprivation conditions. Velneperit counteracts elevated NPY levels, thus producing sustained weight loss. Beloranib, “an analog of the natural substance fumagillin, is a methionine amino peptidase 2 inhibitor (MetAP2)”. The ability of “MetAP2 to suppress extracellular regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2)” is thought to act as the major the mechanism associated with beloranib’s potential against obesity. Brown adipose tissue possesses too many vessels. It is by means of these precursor cells that are present in vessels, that adipogenesis is controlled by angiogenesis. Adipose-derived precursor cells produce peptides, such as “vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)”, leptin, resistin, and visfatin, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), which are implicated in and promote angiogenesis. Therefore, new targets such as VEGF, matrix- metalloproteinases and sirtuin receptors are currently being investigated, with regards to their anti-obesity potential.


Keywords: Beloranib, brown adipose tissue, bupropion, cetilistat, GLP-1 analogues, incretin effect, lorcaserin, obesity epidemic, orexins, oxyntomodulin, oxytocin, phentermine/topiramate ER, PPARγ, tesofensine, VEGF, velneperit.

Related Journals
Related Books
© 2025 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy
Request history8.2.27PHP Version177msRequest Duration26MBMemory UsageGET chapter/{id}/{param?}Route
  • warninglog[21:48:32] LOG.warning: Optional parameter $id declared before required parameter $request is implic...
  • Booting (91.23ms)time
  • Application (86.15ms)time
  • 1 x Booting (51.43%)
    91.23ms
    1 x Application (48.57%)
    86.15ms
    12 templates were rendered
    • ebook.chapter_detailschapter_details.blade.php#?blade
    • layouts.chapter_header_sectionchapter_header_section.blade.php#?blade
    • ebook.chapter_top_bannerchapter_top_banner.blade.php#?blade
    • ebook.chapter_bottom_bannerchapter_bottom_banner.blade.php#?blade
    • ebook.ebook_right_bannerebook_right_banner.blade.php#?blade
    • includes.inc_related_journalsinc_related_journals.blade.php#?blade
    • includes.inc_related_ebooksinc_related_ebooks.blade.php#?blade
    • layouts.appapp.blade.php#?blade
    • layouts._login_access_login_access.blade.php#?blade
    • layouts._header_header.blade.php#?blade
    • layouts._main_menu_main_menu.blade.php#?blade
    • layouts._footer_menu_footer_menu.blade.php#?blade
    uri
    GET chapter/{id}/{param?}
    middleware
    web, check_user_access
    controller
    App\Http\Controllers\ChapterController@GetChapterDetails
    namespace
    App\Http\Controllers
    where
    as
    chapter
    file
    app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1350-1704
    19 statements were executed31.04ms
    • Connection Establishedalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccessCheck.php#24
      Backtrace
      • 9. middleware::check_user_access:24
      • 10. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
      • 11. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Middleware/SubstituteBindings.php:50
      • 12. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Foundation/Http/Middleware/VerifyCsrfToken.php:88
    • INSERT INTO visitor_ip_address (ip_address,visitor_agent,visitor_count, created_on,updated_on) VALUES ('51399716','',1,1740347312,1740347312) ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE visitor_count=visitor_count + 1, updated_on=1740347312
      1.17msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccessCheck.php#24
      Backtrace
      • 11. middleware::check_user_access:24
      • 12. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Middleware/SubstituteBindings.php:50
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Foundation/Http/Middleware/VerifyCsrfToken.php:88
    • INSERT INTO visitor_ip_address_detail (ip_address,visitor_url,visitor_count, created_on,updated_on) VALUES ('51399716','/chapter/9075',1,1740347312,1740347312)
      220μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccessCheck.php#27
      Backtrace
      • 11. middleware::check_user_access:27
      • 12. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Middleware/SubstituteBindings.php:50
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Foundation/Http/Middleware/VerifyCsrfToken.php:88
    • (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_journal_volume_trail WHERE to_ip >= 51399716 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 51399716) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_journal_volume_corporate WHERE to_ip >= 51399716 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 51399716) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_journal_volume_token WHERE to_ip >= 51399716 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 51399716) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_ebook_volume_trail WHERE to_ip >= 51399716 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 51399716) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_ebook_volume_corporate WHERE to_ip >= 51399716 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 51399716) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_ebook_volume_token WHERE to_ip >= 51399716 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 51399716) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_issue_trail WHERE to_ip >= 51399716 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 51399716) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_issue_corporate WHERE to_ip >= 51399716 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 51399716) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_issue_token WHERE to_ip >= 51399716 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 51399716) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_article_trail WHERE to_ip >= 51399716 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 51399716) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_article_corporate WHERE to_ip >= 51399716 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 51399716) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_article_token WHERE to_ip >= 51399716 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 51399716) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_chapter_trail WHERE to_ip >= 51399716 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 51399716) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_chapter_corporate WHERE to_ip >= 51399716 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 51399716) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_chapter_token WHERE to_ip >= 51399716 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 51399716) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_disease_corporate WHERE to_ip >= 51399716 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 51399716) limit 1
      20.21msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#784
      Bindings
      • 0: 51399716
      • 1: 51399716
      • 2: 51399716
      • 3: 51399716
      • 4: 51399716
      • 5: 51399716
      • 6: 51399716
      • 7: 51399716
      • 8: 51399716
      • 9: 51399716
      • 10: 51399716
      • 11: 51399716
      • 12: 51399716
      • 13: 51399716
      • 14: 51399716
      • 15: 51399716
      Backtrace
      • 14. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:784
      • 15. middleware::check_user_access:114
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Middleware/SubstituteBindings.php:50
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
    • select * from `chapter` where `chapter_id` = '9075' limit 1
      370μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022ChapterController.php#1406
      Bindings
      • 0: 9075
      Backtrace
      • 16. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1406
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:206
    • select CONCAT_WS(' ',au.first_name, ' ', ifnull(au.initials,''), ' ', au.last_name) as authors, CONCAT(au.last_name, IFNULL(CONCAT(' ', au.initials), ''), ' ', au.first_name) AS authorsRIS, CONCAT_WS(' ',au.last_name, ' ', ifnull(au.initials,''), ' ', au.first_name) as authorsCiteAs, CONCAT_WS(' ',au.first_name, IFNULL(CONCAT(' ', au.initials), ''), IFNULL(CONCAT(' ', au.last_name), '')) as authorsmodal , `au`.*, `af`.`ror_id`, `af`.`institution`, `af`.`department`, `af`.`country`, `af`.`city`, `af`.`address`, (GROUP_CONCAT(TRIM(BOTH ', ' FROM CONCAT(ifnull(concat(af.institution,','),''), ifnull(concat(af.department,','),''), ifnull(concat(af.address,','),''), ifnull(concat(af.city,','),''), ifnull(concat(af.country,','),''), ifnull(concat(af.postal_code,','),''), ifnull(concat(af.phone,','),''), ifnull(concat(af.fax,','),''))) SEPARATOR '|')) as `author_affiliation`, (GROUP_CONCAT(TRIM(BOTH ', ' FROM CONCAT(ifnull(concat(af.web_view,','),''))) SEPARATOR '|')) as `web_view` from `author` as `au` left join `author_affiliation` as `af` on `au`.`author_id` = `af`.`author_id` where `au`.`chapter_id` = '9075' group by `au`.`author_id` order by `au`.`article_id` asc, `au`.`sequence` asc
      660μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Author.php#86
      Bindings
      • 0: 9075
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Author.php:86
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1411
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select * from `keywords` where `chapter_id` = '9075'
      260μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022ChapterController.php#1415
      Bindings
      • 0: 9075
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1415
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:206
    • select * from `ebook` where `ebook_id` = 399 limit 1
      200μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022ChapterController.php#1430
      Bindings
      • 0: 399
      Backtrace
      • 16. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1430
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:206
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `subject_ebook` as `se` inner join `ebook` as `e` on `e`.`ebook_id` = `se`.`ebook_id` inner join `ebook_volume` as `v` on `v`.`ebook_id` = `e`.`ebook_id` where subject_id IN (select subject_id FROM subject_ebook WHERE ebook_id=399) and se.ebook_id!=399 and v.ebook_status='1'
      2.18msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Subject.php#238
      Backtrace
      • 16. app/Models/Subject.php:238
      • 17. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1434
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select distinct v.nid as volume_id,e.nid,e.title,v.issn,v.eissn,v.isbn,v.eisbn,e.ebook_id, v.image_file_name,v.file_path,v.flyer_link,v.ebook_volume_id, v.volume_name,v.doi,v.year_id,v.introduction from `subject_ebook` as `se` inner join `ebook` as `e` on `e`.`ebook_id` = `se`.`ebook_id` inner join `ebook_volume` as `v` on `v`.`ebook_id` = `e`.`ebook_id` where subject_id IN (select subject_id FROM subject_ebook WHERE ebook_id=399) and se.ebook_id!=399 and v.ebook_status='1' limit 10 offset 0
      720μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Subject.php#238
      Backtrace
      • 14. app/Models/Subject.php:238
      • 15. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1434
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `subject_journal` as `sj` inner join `journal` as `j` on `j`.`journal_id` = `sj`.`journal_id` where subject_id IN (select subject_id FROM subject_ebook WHERE ebook_id=399)
      400μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Subject.php#255
      Backtrace
      • 16. app/Models/Subject.php:255
      • 17. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1435
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select distinct j.nid as journal_nid,j.title,j.subtitle,j.issn,j.eissn,j.keyword,sj.journal_id,j.image_file_name,j.flyer_link from `subject_journal` as `sj` inner join `journal` as `j` on `j`.`journal_id` = `sj`.`journal_id` where subject_id IN (select subject_id FROM subject_ebook WHERE ebook_id=399) limit 10 offset 0
      530μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Subject.php#255
      Backtrace
      • 14. app/Models/Subject.php:255
      • 15. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1435
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select `e`.*, `a`.*, `y`.`year`, `e`.`ebook_volume_id` as `ebook_volume_id`, `a`.`ebook_volume_id` as `ebk_vol_id`, `e`.`ebook_id` as `ebk_ebook_id` from `ebook_volume` as `e` left join `author` as `a` on `e`.`ebook_volume_id` = `a`.`ebook_volume_id` left join `year` as `y` on `y`.`id` = `e`.`year_id` where `e`.`ebook_volume_id` = 1977 and `e`.`is_uploaded` = 1
      600μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022EbookVolume.php#271
      Bindings
      • 0: 1977
      • 1: 1
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/EbookVolume.php:271
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1438
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select count(*) rcd from `ebook_volume` where `ebook_id` = 399 and ebook_volume_id <> 1977 limit 1
      290μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022EbookVolume.php#999
      Bindings
      • 0: 399
      Backtrace
      • 14. app/Models/EbookVolume.php:999
      • 15. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1462
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select count(*) as total_count, content_type_access_id as access_type from ebook_access where content_type_id = '9075' and content_type = 'c' and ( (from_date <= CURDATE() and to_date >= CURDATE() and perpetual= 0) or (from_date is null and to_date is null and perpetual= 1) )
      380μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022ContentAccess.php#647
      Backtrace
      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1465
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select count(*) as total_count, content_type_access_id as access_type from ebook_access where content_type_id = '1977' and content_type = 'v' and ( (from_date <= CURDATE() and to_date >= CURDATE() and perpetual= 0) or (from_date is null and to_date is null and perpetual= 1) )
      260μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022ContentAccess.php#647
      Backtrace
      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1478
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"ebook_volume" as access_level,"" as chapter_id from `user_access_ebook_volume_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 51399716 and j.to_ip >=51399716 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740347312 and j.to_date >= 1740347312 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.volume_id = 1977) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"ebook_volume" as access_level,"" as chapter_id from `user_access_ebook_volume_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 51399716 and j.to_ip >=51399716 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740347312 and j.to_date >= 1740347312 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.volume_id = 1977) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"ebook_volume" as access_level,"" as chapter_id from `user_access_ebook_volume_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 51399716 and j.to_ip >=51399716 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740347312 and j.to_date >= 1740347312 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.volume_id = 1977)
      760μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1518
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 51399716 and j.to_ip >=51399716 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740347312 and j.to_date >= 1740347312 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 9075) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 51399716 and j.to_ip >=51399716 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740347312 and j.to_date >= 1740347312 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 9075) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 51399716 and j.to_ip >=51399716 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740347312 and j.to_date >= 1740347312 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 9075)
      520μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 1977 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1740347312 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1740347312 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.09msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 1977
      • 3: 1740347312
      • 4: 1740347312
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='6eb2a2a0586bb96f5852eb0aea881b34'
      220μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    16Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        Y3LNSrlt5Mf3gF4vttQJP0D2XcAZ3VbJObWFWflr
        uc_cart_id
        6eb2a2a0586bb96f5852eb0aea881b34
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/9075" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/9075
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:17 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "cookie" => array:1 [ 0 => "wayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6IkZveEFtVEZTOFF4cnhyVms0WXpBSlE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiRmhDTzZ3NTJ1dzBLcVFHSXJPdkpqdkNlV0RhRktxNEQra3FiSFBBOVd1Zz0iLCJtYWMiOiJhZDIzOTU4MDI3NmQ1YWZmMTg1OWYzYmFlOGM0NDdlY2RkN2Q1ZDZkODU0YWEyYmExNmMyMDFiNGE1NjM3MTU1IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3Dwayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6IkZveEFtVEZTOFF4cnhyVms0WXpBSlE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiRmhDTzZ3NTJ1dzBLcVFHSXJPdkpqdkNlV0RhRktxNEQra3FiSFBBOVd1Zz0iLCJtYWMiOiJhZDIzOTU4MDI3NmQ1" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        0 of 0
        array:1 [ "wayfindertarget" => null ]
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Sun, 23 Feb 2025 21:48:32 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6InBHRUlTV24yN0VzOUdxWUJRWWt2bnc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoibzREcmRZVUdnYWJJeE1HVEtmTGc5bHR1dEFYbXFhMjh4TlFxVnRDQUFZOGRyQW9yMkV2Mnl4RVpVb0xyVzkrYkdHMjdVWmNibW82RUZsWTJ6L2lLWEgzK01ma0ZOLzlsUnZGR0Nyd25vZElJZHU2WUVwaHdiUEI3cXFxeGs0OUoiLCJtYWMiOiI4OTgyNWZjZjMwMzFlNjIzZmM2OTkzZGZkYjljMjk2YzZhYzYxYzI2MTg3NWVhZmExYzgzM2U4OTk2YmYwMWVkIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Wed, 26 Feb 2025 09:48:32 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6InBHRUlTV24yN0VzOUdxWUJRWWt2bnc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoibzREcmRZVUdnYWJJeE1HVEtmTGc5bHR1dEFYbXFhMjh4TlFxVnRDQUFZOGRyQW9yMkV2Mnl4RVpVb0xyVzkrYkdHMjdVW" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6ImltYjNtdFNqNFF5M2d1N1p3VzEzNGc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiS2VZRzRqRXJCK09SR09qaEl0SHRpVVlscE12WXBnS1RUVjRNMVUyQ0wxV2taMk9jZUV0Q1hxSE9VaDFBTFQyTUZmOWg4T3BJVzZEZHlUaVFDeDNaZU9wTGh2OUxMZjhWMDJJdm5YS1lsb0xwMENnQ21abFQ2bFk1OXd4dDRONGEiLCJtYWMiOiIyZDIyOTdhMWY0ZWU2MjJmMjUzZDg3MjBiZDdmNGJmNmViMjg4ZGYzNjM3YmU5Y2ZlN2Y4MjI2ZGEyN2Y2ZGJjIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6ImltYjNtdFNqNFF5M2d1N1p3VzEzNGc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiS2VZRzRqRXJCK09SR09qaEl0SHRpVVlscE12WXBnS1RUVjRNMVUyQ0wxV2taMk9jZUV0Q1hxSE9" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6InBHRUlTV24yN0VzOUdxWUJRWWt2bnc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoibzREcmRZVUdnYWJJeE1HVEtmTGc5bHR1dEFYbXFhMjh4TlFxVnRDQUFZOGRyQW9yMkV2Mnl4RVpVb0xyVzkrYkdHMjdVWmNibW82RUZsWTJ6L2lLWEgzK01ma0ZOLzlsUnZGR0Nyd25vZElJZHU2WUVwaHdiUEI3cXFxeGs0OUoiLCJtYWMiOiI4OTgyNWZjZjMwMzFlNjIzZmM2OTkzZGZkYjljMjk2YzZhYzYxYzI2MTg3NWVhZmExYzgzM2U4OTk2YmYwMWVkIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Wed, 26-Feb-2025 09:48:32 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6InBHRUlTV24yN0VzOUdxWUJRWWt2bnc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoibzREcmRZVUdnYWJJeE1HVEtmTGc5bHR1dEFYbXFhMjh4TlFxVnRDQUFZOGRyQW9yMkV2Mnl4RVpVb0xyVzkrYkdHMjdVW" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6ImltYjNtdFNqNFF5M2d1N1p3VzEzNGc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiS2VZRzRqRXJCK09SR09qaEl0SHRpVVlscE12WXBnS1RUVjRNMVUyQ0wxV2taMk9jZUV0Q1hxSE9VaDFBTFQyTUZmOWg4T3BJVzZEZHlUaVFDeDNaZU9wTGh2OUxMZjhWMDJJdm5YS1lsb0xwMENnQ21abFQ2bFk1OXd4dDRONGEiLCJtYWMiOiIyZDIyOTdhMWY0ZWU2MjJmMjUzZDg3MjBiZDdmNGJmNmViMjg4ZGYzNjM3YmU5Y2ZlN2Y4MjI2ZGEyN2Y2ZGJjIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6ImltYjNtdFNqNFF5M2d1N1p3VzEzNGc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiS2VZRzRqRXJCK09SR09qaEl0SHRpVVlscE12WXBnS1RUVjRNMVUyQ0wxV2taMk9jZUV0Q1hxSE9" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "Y3LNSrlt5Mf3gF4vttQJP0D2XcAZ3VbJObWFWflr" "uc_cart_id" => "6eb2a2a0586bb96f5852eb0aea881b34" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/9075" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-23 21:48:32GET/chapter/90751121918