Frontiers in Clinical Drug Research-Diabetes and Obesity

Volume: 2

Antidiabetic Drugs of Type 2 Diabetes and Obesity

Author(s): Tatjana Ábel and Gabriella Lengyel

Pp: 50-59 (10)

DOI: 10.2174/9781681081854116020004

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

Overweight and obesity are risk factors for type 2 diabetes, and they also influence the overall prognosis. Almost 90 % of type 2 diabetic subjects are overweight and more than half are obese. Type 2 diabetes is a progressive metabolic disorder conferring an increased risk of cardiovascular comorbidities, including hypertension, coronary artery disease and stroke. The availability of several different classes of antidiabetic drugs in the last few years has increased the number of choices for physicians. The aim of these therapies is to reduce and maintain glucose concentrations and thereby prevent development of complications. When choosing between different antidiabetic drugs attention should be paid to their effect on body weight too.


Keywords: Adipose tissue, antidiabetic, BMI, bromocriptine, carbohydrate, colesevelam, complication, diabetes, DPP4 inhibitors; gastrointestinal, glinides, GLP-1 receptor agonists, HbA1c, hypoglycemia, hypothalamus, insulin, kidney, metabolism, metformin, obesity, pramlintide, SGLT2 inhibitors, sulfonylurea, thiazolidinedione.

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      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
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      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
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      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1518
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316686355 and j.to_ip >=316686355 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740347155 and j.to_date >= 1740347155 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 9070) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316686355 and j.to_ip >=316686355 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740347155 and j.to_date >= 1740347155 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 9070) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316686355 and j.to_ip >=316686355 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740347155 and j.to_date >= 1740347155 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 9070)
      610μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 1977 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1740347155 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1740347155 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.03msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 1977
      • 3: 1740347155
      • 4: 1740347155
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='f606ce24bb3816f3c91e7c35bb4bc581'
      190μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    23Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        y94zpqeizq0fQLoAWA32x36QMcTl0mTQqQyAMefI
        uc_cart_id
        f606ce24bb3816f3c91e7c35bb4bc581
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/9070" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/9070
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:17 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "cookie" => array:1 [ 0 => "wayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6IlZpamh0ckY5WkxmY3FLUjBjVWRPWGc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoib2xXWDlxMnV3MzJWTUhkT3BTYVlRK05MdG9tbVhSM0tmejZIY1V4R3FqRT0iLCJtYWMiOiIyNjlmMWM1MDNiNDUzYjQwNzUzZDUwYmFmYTZmYTJhMzcxMDAxNjlkMmUyYTE0NTBiYzBhOGFiNjNmNzgwZGVmIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3Dwayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6IlZpamh0ckY5WkxmY3FLUjBjVWRPWGc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoib2xXWDlxMnV3MzJWTUhkT3BTYVlRK05MdG9tbVhSM0tmejZIY1V4R3FqRT0iLCJtYWMiOiIyNjlmMWM1MDNiNDUz" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        0 of 0
        array:1 [ "wayfindertarget" => null ]
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Sun, 23 Feb 2025 21:45:55 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IncrdXNQc3hRTXdMVzVQNVloN2JycFE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiYWhGazV3VGFPUkVLRW9XeGVXSWxod01JSUo4aFkzMGdpbVVqZy9Bd2djNVJtOEM4THpxRmZjOGpSVVhMSEIwSDlUZUZ2eURSWE8vVFBtWmdwYVVHOGFXSWpsakdkTEZDYytoaG1HTUdZOXU2a2hOdzNJV2dCU3NUTmNJM1hsRnYiLCJtYWMiOiJlMGZiODY5MDQ2MmQzNDliZTZhNTllYjkwNjBhOGEyM2RkYWM3Yzc3NGNmYzg4YjFiOTBkZDhkNWMxYWE4MWFhIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Wed, 26 Feb 2025 09:45:55 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IncrdXNQc3hRTXdMVzVQNVloN2JycFE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiYWhGazV3VGFPUkVLRW9XeGVXSWxod01JSUo4aFkzMGdpbVVqZy9Bd2djNVJtOEM4THpxRmZjOGpSVVhMSEIwSDlUZUZ2e" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IitBbUhpOVdhcVZvSXpzalNjOFFCZVE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiVWh6L2JKZFZoNHpkbm5kUWZ3eithaUczam9ZcHFWRUtYSzFhRmpGNnczd3ArdnBXNlJSQmlqalBvQzZxUnBtamFBaW8wVjhXeFlJbjc3dVdUcFRrWlpVQk0wNVhScTdxQW1HdkFVUmRnTVZHSTFEU1JIaGYwWmFIVEdKTVFvbHoiLCJtYWMiOiI4YzlkODc5OTY2NzFmMWUzM2E2NjVjYjgyZDc0MDdiZjVkZjI0YzIwNjVhZjNlOTE5OTMwYWM5ODUxMDg2MGMxIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IitBbUhpOVdhcVZvSXpzalNjOFFCZVE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiVWh6L2JKZFZoNHpkbm5kUWZ3eithaUczam9ZcHFWRUtYSzFhRmpGNnczd3ArdnBXNlJSQmlqalB" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IncrdXNQc3hRTXdMVzVQNVloN2JycFE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiYWhGazV3VGFPUkVLRW9XeGVXSWxod01JSUo4aFkzMGdpbVVqZy9Bd2djNVJtOEM4THpxRmZjOGpSVVhMSEIwSDlUZUZ2eURSWE8vVFBtWmdwYVVHOGFXSWpsakdkTEZDYytoaG1HTUdZOXU2a2hOdzNJV2dCU3NUTmNJM1hsRnYiLCJtYWMiOiJlMGZiODY5MDQ2MmQzNDliZTZhNTllYjkwNjBhOGEyM2RkYWM3Yzc3NGNmYzg4YjFiOTBkZDhkNWMxYWE4MWFhIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Wed, 26-Feb-2025 09:45:55 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IncrdXNQc3hRTXdMVzVQNVloN2JycFE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiYWhGazV3VGFPUkVLRW9XeGVXSWxod01JSUo4aFkzMGdpbVVqZy9Bd2djNVJtOEM4THpxRmZjOGpSVVhMSEIwSDlUZUZ2e" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IitBbUhpOVdhcVZvSXpzalNjOFFCZVE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiVWh6L2JKZFZoNHpkbm5kUWZ3eithaUczam9ZcHFWRUtYSzFhRmpGNnczd3ArdnBXNlJSQmlqalBvQzZxUnBtamFBaW8wVjhXeFlJbjc3dVdUcFRrWlpVQk0wNVhScTdxQW1HdkFVUmRnTVZHSTFEU1JIaGYwWmFIVEdKTVFvbHoiLCJtYWMiOiI4YzlkODc5OTY2NzFmMWUzM2E2NjVjYjgyZDc0MDdiZjVkZjI0YzIwNjVhZjNlOTE5OTMwYWM5ODUxMDg2MGMxIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IitBbUhpOVdhcVZvSXpzalNjOFFCZVE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiVWh6L2JKZFZoNHpkbm5kUWZ3eithaUczam9ZcHFWRUtYSzFhRmpGNnczd3ArdnBXNlJSQmlqalB" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "y94zpqeizq0fQLoAWA32x36QMcTl0mTQqQyAMefI" "uc_cart_id" => "f606ce24bb3816f3c91e7c35bb4bc581" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/9070" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-23 21:45:55GET/chapter/90701121925