Advanced Topics on Three-dimensional Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynaecology

Three-dimensional Ultrasound for the Assessment of the Pelvic Floor

Author(s): Maria Aparecida Mazzutti Verlangieri Carmo and Omero Benedicto Poli-Neto

Pp: 345-354 (10)

DOI: 10.2174/9781681082097116010028

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

The pelvic floor is a fundamental structure not only for the support of abdominopelvic structures during elevation of intra-abdominal pressure, but also for urinary and fecal continence, micturition, evacuation, and childbirth, among others. Several methods have been described in the literature for the assessment of the pelvic floor, but most of them only provide indirect, and therefore limited, information. Over the last few years, strategies for the analsis of pelvic floor morphology have been proposed, such as ultrasound scanning, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. This chapter will deal in particular with mechanical three-dimensional ultrasound, with eventual brief reference to the other modalities or their comparison. The benefits inherent to the technique and the possibility of dynamic assessment cause this method to be a promising innovation for pelvic floor assessment.


Keywords: Pelvic floor, Rendered mode, Three-dimensional, Ultrasound.

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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1518
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      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 58768607 and j.to_ip >=58768607 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739847449 and j.to_date >= 1739847449 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 8928) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 58768607 and j.to_ip >=58768607 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739847449 and j.to_date >= 1739847449 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 8928) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 58768607 and j.to_ip >=58768607 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739847449 and j.to_date >= 1739847449 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 8928)
      540μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 1932 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1739847449 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1739847449 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.05msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 1932
      • 3: 1739847449
      • 4: 1739847449
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='08e19f349ff386cf7dfb520ead7ef942'
      190μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    4Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        26r5FrPLNsvIvhkOApBS7xXVzOjaxsmFFKmqWTNv
        uc_cart_id
        08e19f349ff386cf7dfb520ead7ef942
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/8928" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/8928
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:17 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "cookie" => array:1 [ 0 => "wayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6IktKS1FEdFFoemRVL1BvcndEb2l3T1E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiVU9oS0tlKzYwNnJHUnNVMnZiZEY5YzFJS0RkYmRxUldaNkdMSm9wVXhFcz0iLCJtYWMiOiJhNjY0MjRiYzMyZDFhNDZmMzJjMjM0NDdmZmQ3YjA1ZWU4NjE1Y2U3ODIzZTFjODNhYjZjNzFiMDJjN2I1ZjE4IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3Dwayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6IktKS1FEdFFoemRVL1BvcndEb2l3T1E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiVU9oS0tlKzYwNnJHUnNVMnZiZEY5YzFJS0RkYmRxUldaNkdMSm9wVXhFcz0iLCJtYWMiOiJhNjY0MjRiYzMyZDFh" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        0 of 0
        array:1 [ "wayfindertarget" => null ]
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Tue, 18 Feb 2025 02:57:29 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IlpjTjdVcDEwdUN0N2pWeUZ6WUQ5bGc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZVo0aCtJLys5MHdJaG9xZFFRZ3VHWVZrL2RXdjhKdTR6R3Rydzd0OTkzTXh2YzFhVlcxWUpFbUFycHRKK0MxZzYyekpZU2ZWbUV0dzgxZURoeW4wK3lPeStGQ1N0OVZ1NGtsbWhIcWJYaTVTM3JWUmJqYnlBQ0ZHZ1prRFhGemIiLCJtYWMiOiJlNTQ0MGJiYzM3YmVmOGZlMjExY2Q1NjcwNDVhZmFjZmM5Y2QzYWQxYjE1MGIzMzFiNzQwZmVjYTM2Yzk1ZTg4IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 20 Feb 2025 14:57:29 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IlpjTjdVcDEwdUN0N2pWeUZ6WUQ5bGc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZVo0aCtJLys5MHdJaG9xZFFRZ3VHWVZrL2RXdjhKdTR6R3Rydzd0OTkzTXh2YzFhVlcxWUpFbUFycHRKK0MxZzYyekpZU" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6Im51ZXFpY0xseTZxVjZQejFIekVrdlE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoidDFNYzNXSElmYTFqcDVaNkl1bjZ6ZTY3ZHpRaVlsVGpzaFNaQmJ6NzRuRjA1cmlQbHczNmJRdXRZbEpjc1hFZllsa1hNYWpHblpiSW1sVUdIM2lYTlRxQ0drVkMxeTlxN1NGblhlN0FwME9xRU1FTnhoUjlVT2lIVlk0Z0RuaEkiLCJtYWMiOiJmOWEwYjgyZjEzNWZhNjM3OTgwY2VmN2M0NGYzZTE4YjdhZjY3YmQyNTE5ZmNiMjQzNGJiZGNhZWYwMTFjYzA2IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6Im51ZXFpY0xseTZxVjZQejFIekVrdlE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoidDFNYzNXSElmYTFqcDVaNkl1bjZ6ZTY3ZHpRaVlsVGpzaFNaQmJ6NzRuRjA1cmlQbHczNmJRdXR" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IlpjTjdVcDEwdUN0N2pWeUZ6WUQ5bGc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZVo0aCtJLys5MHdJaG9xZFFRZ3VHWVZrL2RXdjhKdTR6R3Rydzd0OTkzTXh2YzFhVlcxWUpFbUFycHRKK0MxZzYyekpZU2ZWbUV0dzgxZURoeW4wK3lPeStGQ1N0OVZ1NGtsbWhIcWJYaTVTM3JWUmJqYnlBQ0ZHZ1prRFhGemIiLCJtYWMiOiJlNTQ0MGJiYzM3YmVmOGZlMjExY2Q1NjcwNDVhZmFjZmM5Y2QzYWQxYjE1MGIzMzFiNzQwZmVjYTM2Yzk1ZTg4IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 20-Feb-2025 14:57:29 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IlpjTjdVcDEwdUN0N2pWeUZ6WUQ5bGc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZVo0aCtJLys5MHdJaG9xZFFRZ3VHWVZrL2RXdjhKdTR6R3Rydzd0OTkzTXh2YzFhVlcxWUpFbUFycHRKK0MxZzYyekpZU" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6Im51ZXFpY0xseTZxVjZQejFIekVrdlE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoidDFNYzNXSElmYTFqcDVaNkl1bjZ6ZTY3ZHpRaVlsVGpzaFNaQmJ6NzRuRjA1cmlQbHczNmJRdXRZbEpjc1hFZllsa1hNYWpHblpiSW1sVUdIM2lYTlRxQ0drVkMxeTlxN1NGblhlN0FwME9xRU1FTnhoUjlVT2lIVlk0Z0RuaEkiLCJtYWMiOiJmOWEwYjgyZjEzNWZhNjM3OTgwY2VmN2M0NGYzZTE4YjdhZjY3YmQyNTE5ZmNiMjQzNGJiZGNhZWYwMTFjYzA2IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6Im51ZXFpY0xseTZxVjZQejFIekVrdlE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoidDFNYzNXSElmYTFqcDVaNkl1bjZ6ZTY3ZHpRaVlsVGpzaFNaQmJ6NzRuRjA1cmlQbHczNmJRdXR" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "26r5FrPLNsvIvhkOApBS7xXVzOjaxsmFFKmqWTNv" "uc_cart_id" => "08e19f349ff386cf7dfb520ead7ef942" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/8928" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-18 02:57:29GET/chapter/8928112196