Advanced Topics on Three-dimensional Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynaecology

The Assessment of Fetal Neurobehavior with Fourdimensional Ultrasound

Author(s): Panagiotis Antsaklis and Asim Kurjak

Pp: 139-161 (23)

DOI: 10.2174/9781681082097116010015

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

The study of fetal neurological function in order to better predict in utero which fetuses are at risk of adverse neurological function after delivery and even later in life, has remained on of the most difficult and unanswered dilemmas in perinatal medicine. It has been proven that fetal behavioral patterns are directly related with the level of fetal brain maturation. Studies have shown that fetuses have specific behavioral patents during certain periods of gestation that correspond to the expected level of brain development. Knowing these patents having standarised the method of assessment of fetal neurobehavior can make possible the distinction between normal and abnormal in utero brain development. This was made possible firstly due to the evolution of ultrasound technology and mainly four-dimensional (4D) ultrasonography, which made possible the detailed depiction of fetal movements, and details that could not be viewed with 2D ultrasound such as facial expressions, mouth opening and grimacing, finger movements etc. A new scoring system for the assessment of fetal neurobehavior based on prenatal assessment of the fetus with 4D sonography has been developed based on the same technique that neonatologists assess newborns during the first days of their postnatal life. This overview aims to offer an insight on fetal behavior and assessment of fetal neurology with the assistance of four-dimensional ultrasound.


Keywords: Fetal neurology, Four-dimensional ultrasound, KANET, Neurobehavior.

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      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 314538714 and j.to_ip >=314538714 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739847464 and j.to_date >= 1739847464 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 8915) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 314538714 and j.to_ip >=314538714 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739847464 and j.to_date >= 1739847464 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 8915) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 314538714 and j.to_ip >=314538714 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739847464 and j.to_date >= 1739847464 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 8915)
      600μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 1932 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1739847464 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1739847464 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.04msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 1932
      • 3: 1739847464
      • 4: 1739847464
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='a0d9e8ea1960d6047e815c5e462109b5'
      180μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    4Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        jr2IlFLmRjUye6iVBF7uzn5fyG63sDuVhcYDmEiZ
        uc_cart_id
        a0d9e8ea1960d6047e815c5e462109b5
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/8915" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/8915
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:17 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "cookie" => array:1 [ 0 => "wayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6InRaVnQyRHNCdFg4NHJRbXI1YjBwOEE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiYkVkK0RjTTU4VG5MaHVsSktyVTJ3WktkWXZUQjhrMUlBVHJsaXBBYWFmMD0iLCJtYWMiOiIzZGVlN2M1ZmE4OWJjODFiMTQ1Yjk3NWU5ZDQ2Mjg4ZDhlMDBiZDcxMDczZTI3MzI2ODg1MTNmY2IzNmZkOWMzIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3Dwayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6InRaVnQyRHNCdFg4NHJRbXI1YjBwOEE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiYkVkK0RjTTU4VG5MaHVsSktyVTJ3WktkWXZUQjhrMUlBVHJsaXBBYWFmMD0iLCJtYWMiOiIzZGVlN2M1ZmE4OWJj" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        0 of 0
        array:1 [ "wayfindertarget" => null ]
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Tue, 18 Feb 2025 02:57:44 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IlJVNVZRWko0dC8zbWlnRElyT2xSdXc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiQ09iNGdKMjRPem9mdVE4U0x5Nit0a05BSm5nMzNwL2ZmN0lhY29DajdLa3RPUEZHVW9lSWk4WVd1RHVmUjJkVy8yekxGU2dnSG1zT0ZYTDlBU0xKNThtU1dyRHNtdGhaNjNZL01DN2JkZ0owVWpkTjhuckk5SnZtQjBsWm9BTEIiLCJtYWMiOiIwZTdmMDQzNGVhNTNmMjdlZGRhMTc2OWMzOWY4NDkwODJkNGM5MDBkMWZlOTQ0ZjA2ZTgyMWZlMjE3NTU1MTRkIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 20 Feb 2025 14:57:44 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IlJVNVZRWko0dC8zbWlnRElyT2xSdXc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiQ09iNGdKMjRPem9mdVE4U0x5Nit0a05BSm5nMzNwL2ZmN0lhY29DajdLa3RPUEZHVW9lSWk4WVd1RHVmUjJkVy8yekxGU" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6InNQRmVFYU5rRlRldHpTUjNseUd4Z0E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoibEg3NENJcFArQTFrNU5SSW1OZytGQjZObklDYk51bGJ0c2psZ3lreEhpRGdDZFkvK3ViMXZHVUl5VmZMdGMwM2JmbTV6ekdxaExkZjdsbDZUb0M1ZjhKbUJkT1dXRzR1YjB3QzF5RHhRL291M1FlNTh5MGJEczRGbHYrbHJxUEwiLCJtYWMiOiIxN2U5NDE0ZjBkZjJkMzU2ZmVkNTE2MmMzNWM2Y2JlMjJhOGY2YzNiOTQ0MzkwY2YzYTkzYjcxZmVhZGI1ZWI1IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6InNQRmVFYU5rRlRldHpTUjNseUd4Z0E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoibEg3NENJcFArQTFrNU5SSW1OZytGQjZObklDYk51bGJ0c2psZ3lreEhpRGdDZFkvK3ViMXZHVUl" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IlJVNVZRWko0dC8zbWlnRElyT2xSdXc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiQ09iNGdKMjRPem9mdVE4U0x5Nit0a05BSm5nMzNwL2ZmN0lhY29DajdLa3RPUEZHVW9lSWk4WVd1RHVmUjJkVy8yekxGU2dnSG1zT0ZYTDlBU0xKNThtU1dyRHNtdGhaNjNZL01DN2JkZ0owVWpkTjhuckk5SnZtQjBsWm9BTEIiLCJtYWMiOiIwZTdmMDQzNGVhNTNmMjdlZGRhMTc2OWMzOWY4NDkwODJkNGM5MDBkMWZlOTQ0ZjA2ZTgyMWZlMjE3NTU1MTRkIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 20-Feb-2025 14:57:44 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IlJVNVZRWko0dC8zbWlnRElyT2xSdXc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiQ09iNGdKMjRPem9mdVE4U0x5Nit0a05BSm5nMzNwL2ZmN0lhY29DajdLa3RPUEZHVW9lSWk4WVd1RHVmUjJkVy8yekxGU" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6InNQRmVFYU5rRlRldHpTUjNseUd4Z0E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoibEg3NENJcFArQTFrNU5SSW1OZytGQjZObklDYk51bGJ0c2psZ3lreEhpRGdDZFkvK3ViMXZHVUl5VmZMdGMwM2JmbTV6ekdxaExkZjdsbDZUb0M1ZjhKbUJkT1dXRzR1YjB3QzF5RHhRL291M1FlNTh5MGJEczRGbHYrbHJxUEwiLCJtYWMiOiIxN2U5NDE0ZjBkZjJkMzU2ZmVkNTE2MmMzNWM2Y2JlMjJhOGY2YzNiOTQ0MzkwY2YzYTkzYjcxZmVhZGI1ZWI1IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6InNQRmVFYU5rRlRldHpTUjNseUd4Z0E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoibEg3NENJcFArQTFrNU5SSW1OZytGQjZObklDYk51bGJ0c2psZ3lreEhpRGdDZFkvK3ViMXZHVUl" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "jr2IlFLmRjUye6iVBF7uzn5fyG63sDuVhcYDmEiZ" "uc_cart_id" => "a0d9e8ea1960d6047e815c5e462109b5" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/8915" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-18 02:57:44GET/chapter/8915112196