Advanced Topics on Three-dimensional Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynaecology

Fetal Limb Volume: Its Role in the Prediction of Birth Weight and Evaluation of Fetal Nutritional Status

Author(s): Edward Araujo Junior, Wesley Lee and Russell Lee Deter

Pp: 103-115 (13)

DOI: 10.2174/9781681082097116010012

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

The assessment of fetal limb volume as a marker of nutritional status began in the mid 1980’s using the two-dimensional ultrasound. However, with the advent of three-dimensional ultrasound in the beginning of 1990s’ research into using the fetal thigh and upper-arm volumes for predicting birth weight began. These studies suggested that fetal limb volumes were more accurate than two-dimensional biometric parameters in the prediction actual weight after delivery. Multiplanar or planimetric method was first used to assess the whole fetal limb volume, including the volume around of epiphysis, followed by use of the 3D extended imaging VOCAL technique. Reference ranges for total fetal limb volume were established for specific populations. By the end of 1990’s a new concept, the fractional limb volume, was introduced. This measurement was limited to the volume of central region of fetal limb and assesses the region with the great amount of soft tissue. It has been studied as a marker of intrauterine status nutrition and used to detect early fetal growth disturbances. Continued research has established the importance of fractional limb volume in predicting birth weight and its usefulness in the evaluation of intrauterine development in the second half of pregnancy.


Keywords: Extended imaging virtual organ computer-aided analysis, Fetal limb volume, Fractional limb volume, Intrauterine growth disturbances, Intrauterine status nutrition, Multiplanar, Prediction of birth, Thigh, Three-dimensional ultrasound, Upper-arm, Virtual organ computer-aided analysis.

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      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 51271683 and j.to_ip >=51271683 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739848509 and j.to_date >= 1739848509 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 8912) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 51271683 and j.to_ip >=51271683 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739848509 and j.to_date >= 1739848509 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 8912) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 51271683 and j.to_ip >=51271683 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739848509 and j.to_date >= 1739848509 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 8912)
      610μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 1932 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1739848509 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1739848509 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.1msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 1932
      • 3: 1739848509
      • 4: 1739848509
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='0470f6c18f11e046cbf08201093b1e5e'
      240μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    11Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        5SSjZ8XCepN6bLUFQBzG99EX0arvm7NxoELCSC4i
        uc_cart_id
        0470f6c18f11e046cbf08201093b1e5e
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/8912" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/8912
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:17 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "cookie" => array:1 [ 0 => "wayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6IkFadFhFZ3JGYnFoa002MlBWUjhzRXc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiVlR6Qm56cnFzNVpsUXlPWUhDUlZaTjJkYncyKzRDQk5kcmFET2orbnd5QT0iLCJtYWMiOiIwODBhYTUxYjkzNThhMjI1MzVkMGRkYTdjYzBhMzU1MjU2NzliNDM2MDlmMWNjNmUyNjI5NGVhYTMwZjIwMjZiIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3Dwayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6IkFadFhFZ3JGYnFoa002MlBWUjhzRXc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiVlR6Qm56cnFzNVpsUXlPWUhDUlZaTjJkYncyKzRDQk5kcmFET2orbnd5QT0iLCJtYWMiOiIwODBhYTUxYjkzNThh" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        0 of 0
        array:1 [ "wayfindertarget" => null ]
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Tue, 18 Feb 2025 03:15:09 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IjkyK0ZxQ2FxOFlLbWExUHR2ZVdJRXc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiVDRGelRSQ2pHZEEvVDh1aFQyRGcwYTk2OC8yTkp0dWNRNGZuOGJteERabWpOejVUNFZBT0pqM1VWQUV2R3hDMnQrVXphSDh1NmpqbHlIclBTanh3TklqR05iaDJrTm9ydWJkbkgrUzh4TzRQejl5aW85dnVhVDI2NFpzaHg3TnIiLCJtYWMiOiJhNDA2YThhNGFlMjk0NDJkY2U4NmZmYzIxNzY0OTcwMzJlNzlhNWI2MTg0YWEyYTk5NzU4Y2M3YzFkMTMwMTIyIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 20 Feb 2025 15:15:09 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IjkyK0ZxQ2FxOFlLbWExUHR2ZVdJRXc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiVDRGelRSQ2pHZEEvVDh1aFQyRGcwYTk2OC8yTkp0dWNRNGZuOGJteERabWpOejVUNFZBT0pqM1VWQUV2R3hDMnQrVXphS" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IlBPN2pRSG9rdFB3WG42WldWTUFoYmc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiWm9VQys3Rk1od1Rhbk56RVFUclo5akgrWGFndXhMR1lKU056QnpvOHN1U3d1cUJ0RkloZEdYTms5WkRBUndlbTZYTkZWbHFjNmNoTGo0M3lEN2JWU2g5UldEZGFaTVUrQVhJVnpGUU5mWEpMNFVwRG9Jb1U5dGJYU2toaWlQbHIiLCJtYWMiOiJkN2NlOWM5MmE5NmZhN2I0NzY3Y2IwZDBhZmFlYWRhMWU2YWU0MWExZDc1NzE5MjkyYTkyN2QxMGQxMDI3MmIyIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IlBPN2pRSG9rdFB3WG42WldWTUFoYmc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiWm9VQys3Rk1od1Rhbk56RVFUclo5akgrWGFndXhMR1lKU056QnpvOHN1U3d1cUJ0RkloZEdYTms" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IjkyK0ZxQ2FxOFlLbWExUHR2ZVdJRXc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiVDRGelRSQ2pHZEEvVDh1aFQyRGcwYTk2OC8yTkp0dWNRNGZuOGJteERabWpOejVUNFZBT0pqM1VWQUV2R3hDMnQrVXphSDh1NmpqbHlIclBTanh3TklqR05iaDJrTm9ydWJkbkgrUzh4TzRQejl5aW85dnVhVDI2NFpzaHg3TnIiLCJtYWMiOiJhNDA2YThhNGFlMjk0NDJkY2U4NmZmYzIxNzY0OTcwMzJlNzlhNWI2MTg0YWEyYTk5NzU4Y2M3YzFkMTMwMTIyIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 20-Feb-2025 15:15:09 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IjkyK0ZxQ2FxOFlLbWExUHR2ZVdJRXc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiVDRGelRSQ2pHZEEvVDh1aFQyRGcwYTk2OC8yTkp0dWNRNGZuOGJteERabWpOejVUNFZBT0pqM1VWQUV2R3hDMnQrVXphS" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IlBPN2pRSG9rdFB3WG42WldWTUFoYmc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiWm9VQys3Rk1od1Rhbk56RVFUclo5akgrWGFndXhMR1lKU056QnpvOHN1U3d1cUJ0RkloZEdYTms5WkRBUndlbTZYTkZWbHFjNmNoTGo0M3lEN2JWU2g5UldEZGFaTVUrQVhJVnpGUU5mWEpMNFVwRG9Jb1U5dGJYU2toaWlQbHIiLCJtYWMiOiJkN2NlOWM5MmE5NmZhN2I0NzY3Y2IwZDBhZmFlYWRhMWU2YWU0MWExZDc1NzE5MjkyYTkyN2QxMGQxMDI3MmIyIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IlBPN2pRSG9rdFB3WG42WldWTUFoYmc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiWm9VQys3Rk1od1Rhbk56RVFUclo5akgrWGFndXhMR1lKU056QnpvOHN1U3d1cUJ0RkloZEdYTms" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "5SSjZ8XCepN6bLUFQBzG99EX0arvm7NxoELCSC4i" "uc_cart_id" => "0470f6c18f11e046cbf08201093b1e5e" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/8912" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-18 03:15:09GET/chapter/89121121913