Frontiers in Anti-Cancer Drug Discovery

Volume: 6

Anthracyclines in Cancer Therapy: Past, Present Status and Future Prospects

Author(s): Lidia Mazur and Małgorzata Opydo-Chanek

Pp: 110-136 (27)

DOI: 10.2174/9781681081496115060006

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

Anthracyclines rank among the most effective anticancer agents ever developed. Nevertheless, the clinical use of anthracyclines can be viewed as a sort of double-edged sword. On the one hand, anthracycline antibiotics are extensively used in conventional chemotherapy of solid tumors and hematological malignancies. On the other hand, the clinical efficacy of the drugs is limited by severe side effects, particularly cardiotoxicity, and the development of multiple mechanisms of cellular drug resistance. Therefore, several strategies for improving the efficacy of currently approved anthracyclines have moved along two medicinal chemistry lines, the development of both new analogs and cancer cell-targeted formulations. There is still necessary to develop these new strategies for improving the effectiveness and reducing side effects of the action of anthracyclines, respectively on cancer and normal cells. The current available knowledge on anthracyclines is based on a collection of the original published studies, conference abstracts, and relevant articles.


Keywords: Anthracycline cytotoxicity/cardiotoxicity, anthracyclines, cellular drug resistance, daunorubicin, doxorubicin, mechanisms of anthracycline action, new anthracycline analogs, next generation anthracyclines, tumortargeted formulations.

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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1518
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316587137 and j.to_ip >=316587137 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740497472 and j.to_date >= 1740497472 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 8223) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316587137 and j.to_ip >=316587137 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740497472 and j.to_date >= 1740497472 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 8223) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316587137 and j.to_ip >=316587137 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740497472 and j.to_date >= 1740497472 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 8223)
      650μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 1885 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1740497472 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1740497472 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.1msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 1885
      • 3: 1740497472
      • 4: 1740497472
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='ab1fc1078e31ebf4c79d5491e1bd3b7a'
      220μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    9Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        800ZQwjtSVyZlId34dKJClcm0j54oPVnjRg3PyQ9
        uc_cart_id
        ab1fc1078e31ebf4c79d5491e1bd3b7a
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/8223" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/8223
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:17 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "cookie" => array:1 [ 0 => "wayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6Im1RYWFrRG1nMU1mbVpsZ3VvN0pMRWc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoieWVZampsTHhUVVloTTZxbnAzUk82U3ppSXdtNlRTN2lOOU9QNGF3YmV6Yz0iLCJtYWMiOiI1NzZiYzk1ODgzZjZkNjVmYmRlZWExMzhmNWZhMDg4ZWM5ZTJhZDYzMmZkNTliODhmM2VmMjg4MDUzMWU5NTY2IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3Dwayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6Im1RYWFrRG1nMU1mbVpsZ3VvN0pMRWc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoieWVZampsTHhUVVloTTZxbnAzUk82U3ppSXdtNlRTN2lOOU9QNGF3YmV6Yz0iLCJtYWMiOiI1NzZiYzk1ODgzZjZk" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        0 of 0
        array:1 [ "wayfindertarget" => null ]
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Tue, 25 Feb 2025 15:31:12 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImxINHVpTUJ1bXI4SklUR0ErTDBiV3c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZTNtNWxTNUwxL0k0aVlwdEFrUVVkWG5mNXo1aThzcnVqeVFVVEhMNk44L09EbzlqS0pIeE1kQ0hNb0tOcFZPNmxYREJTMFRYTHpjRFVnL1htYlpsalRpZ0RPZHVjWlZkYi9xd0VEakFCVUVIYU9hemlmMnNSZW9nU09aNU1pbWwiLCJtYWMiOiJlYmYzM2FmYzVhNWIwOTZiODM2ZmFmNWVkZDdmYmRiYTA1NDE3M2MwYWMwYzkwMTlkZTYyOWViZGNhODc3MTRlIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Fri, 28 Feb 2025 03:31:12 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImxINHVpTUJ1bXI4SklUR0ErTDBiV3c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZTNtNWxTNUwxL0k0aVlwdEFrUVVkWG5mNXo1aThzcnVqeVFVVEhMNk44L09EbzlqS0pIeE1kQ0hNb0tOcFZPNmxYREJTM" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IklFSUpIN1ErRnJ6TFNuWmtkMFhEQnc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiTGlvUzJ0aG1VR0pieFhRWktDWHU1S3hWTXMwTUpPdTIzUkRGVitmaXd0aTlqTFYyWURsSnZWbU5nalZFT3Q3czRlVlRLT1hRaVlNY0djaDVTdFNkeUxsc3N4RmlYa0txWWVLNXNtUUYyTFRPaS9OV1ZMeUtHMHJLL3huMy81MHoiLCJtYWMiOiJkNTNmMTI0MTc5NjliNTcwY2JmNTg5MzY2ZWNkMGQ2NDQ0NGQ4ODZiMWViZWMzYmQxMDk2ODEyNmMzZGJiNjViIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IklFSUpIN1ErRnJ6TFNuWmtkMFhEQnc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiTGlvUzJ0aG1VR0pieFhRWktDWHU1S3hWTXMwTUpPdTIzUkRGVitmaXd0aTlqTFYyWURsSnZWbU5" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImxINHVpTUJ1bXI4SklUR0ErTDBiV3c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZTNtNWxTNUwxL0k0aVlwdEFrUVVkWG5mNXo1aThzcnVqeVFVVEhMNk44L09EbzlqS0pIeE1kQ0hNb0tOcFZPNmxYREJTMFRYTHpjRFVnL1htYlpsalRpZ0RPZHVjWlZkYi9xd0VEakFCVUVIYU9hemlmMnNSZW9nU09aNU1pbWwiLCJtYWMiOiJlYmYzM2FmYzVhNWIwOTZiODM2ZmFmNWVkZDdmYmRiYTA1NDE3M2MwYWMwYzkwMTlkZTYyOWViZGNhODc3MTRlIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Fri, 28-Feb-2025 03:31:12 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImxINHVpTUJ1bXI4SklUR0ErTDBiV3c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZTNtNWxTNUwxL0k0aVlwdEFrUVVkWG5mNXo1aThzcnVqeVFVVEhMNk44L09EbzlqS0pIeE1kQ0hNb0tOcFZPNmxYREJTM" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IklFSUpIN1ErRnJ6TFNuWmtkMFhEQnc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiTGlvUzJ0aG1VR0pieFhRWktDWHU1S3hWTXMwTUpPdTIzUkRGVitmaXd0aTlqTFYyWURsSnZWbU5nalZFT3Q3czRlVlRLT1hRaVlNY0djaDVTdFNkeUxsc3N4RmlYa0txWWVLNXNtUUYyTFRPaS9OV1ZMeUtHMHJLL3huMy81MHoiLCJtYWMiOiJkNTNmMTI0MTc5NjliNTcwY2JmNTg5MzY2ZWNkMGQ2NDQ0NGQ4ODZiMWViZWMzYmQxMDk2ODEyNmMzZGJiNjViIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IklFSUpIN1ErRnJ6TFNuWmtkMFhEQnc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiTGlvUzJ0aG1VR0pieFhRWktDWHU1S3hWTXMwTUpPdTIzUkRGVitmaXd0aTlqTFYyWURsSnZWbU5" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "800ZQwjtSVyZlId34dKJClcm0j54oPVnjRg3PyQ9" "uc_cart_id" => "ab1fc1078e31ebf4c79d5491e1bd3b7a" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/8223" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-25 15:31:12GET/chapter/82231121911