Frontiers in Electrical Engineering

Encapsulation Technologies

Author(s): Yibin Jiang and Shuming Chen

Pp: 89-111 (23)

DOI: 10.2174/9781681081205115010006

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

Flexible organic light emitting diode (OLED) display is an exciting and attractive technology to the consumers and the manufacturers, but there still exists a few challenges before it comes into real application. The biggest challenge is the demanding water and oxygen permeation requirement of the encapsulation, since the lifetime of OLED will drastically decrease when it is exposed to moisture and oxygen. As the barrier performance of polymer is not as good as that of glass, both sides of the OLED device which is deposited on polymer substrate need to be encapsulated by dense thin films. This chapter will provide a summary of the encapsulation technologies, including the traditional encapsulation and the advanced thin film encapsulation. First, the degradation mechanism, the permeation mechanism, and the permeation measurement are introduced as background information. Then thin film encapsulation technologies (Vitex organic/inorganic multilayer and atomic layer deposited film) will be the main topic.


Keywords: Atomic layer deposition, Barrier, Ca test, Dark spots, Degradation, Encapsulation, Flexible display, Getter, Glass or metal lid, Lifetime, Moisture, Multilayer, Nanocomposite film, Oxygen, Permeation, Water vapor transmission rate.

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      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
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      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1518
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59650778 and j.to_ip >=59650778 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739848234 and j.to_date >= 1739848234 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 7947) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59650778 and j.to_ip >=59650778 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739848234 and j.to_date >= 1739848234 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 7947) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59650778 and j.to_ip >=59650778 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739848234 and j.to_date >= 1739848234 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 7947)
      1.05msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 1748 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1739848234 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1739848234 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.46msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 1748
      • 3: 1739848234
      • 4: 1739848234
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='5ad8fe67ab1fe459bdbbabb9e2739775'
      310μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    16Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        BxRfOpLf5amOA792chXccVMA1ZqHqfjgD1yoRmLj
        uc_cart_id
        5ad8fe67ab1fe459bdbbabb9e2739775
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/7947" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/7947
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
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        request_cookies
        0 of 0
        array:6 [ "fpestid" => null "wayfindertarget" => null "_ga_9F3B5VV3T3" => null "_ga" => null "XSRF-TOKEN" => "BxRfOpLf5amOA792chXccVMA1ZqHqfjgD1yoRmLj" "alphaeurekaselectnet_session" => "SNHnlrqS6o0ahkBhYrRrGqktYide9QoFIEr6y1pg" ]
        response_headers
        0 of 0
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        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "BxRfOpLf5amOA792chXccVMA1ZqHqfjgD1yoRmLj" "uc_cart_id" => "5ad8fe67ab1fe459bdbbabb9e2739775" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/7947" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-18 03:10:34GET/chapter/79471121918