Frontiers in Myocardia

Volume: 1

Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Septic Cardiomyopathy

Author(s): Jamison J. Grailer and Peter A. Ward

Pp: 41-56 (16)

DOI: 10.2174/9781681080604115010006

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

Cardiac dysfunction is a well-known complication of severe sepsis and septic shock. Septic cardiomyopathy is characterized by reduced cardiac output and left ventricular pressures and biventricular dilatation, resulting in systemic hypoperfusion and multi-organ failure. There is emerging evidence suggesting that mediators of septic cardiomyopathy include cardio-depressive cytokines, Toll-like receptor signaling, cardiomyocyte production of reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide, and dysregulated Ca2+ homeostasis. This chapter will review the current evidence describing the cellular and molecular mechanisms of septic cardiomyopathy.


Keywords: Ca2+, Cardiomyocyte, Cecal ligation and puncture, Cytokines, Endotoxemia, Heart, Nitric oxide, Reactive oxygen species, Sepsis, Toll-like receptors.

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      • 14. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:784
      • 15. middleware::check_user_access:114
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
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      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:206
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      • 16. app/Models/Subject.php:238
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      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
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      • 14. app/Models/Subject.php:238
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      620μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Subject.php#255
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      • 16. app/Models/Subject.php:255
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      • 15. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1435
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      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
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      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
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      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
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      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1465
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
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      390μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022ContentAccess.php#647
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      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1478
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
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      940μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1518
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316419989 and j.to_ip >=316419989 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740447890 and j.to_date >= 1740447890 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 7795) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316419989 and j.to_ip >=316419989 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740447890 and j.to_date >= 1740447890 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 7795) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316419989 and j.to_ip >=316419989 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740447890 and j.to_date >= 1740447890 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 7795)
      1.01msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 1734 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1740447890 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1740447890 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.5msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 1734
      • 3: 1740447890
      • 4: 1740447890
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='80d8e16dba71fcaa4570c2b1e803c603'
      290μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    10Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        xfe1urIWzp50xcK6iJknZBAQj4pRzqFCErd0vBPI
        uc_cart_id
        80d8e16dba71fcaa4570c2b1e803c603
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/7795" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/7795
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:17 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "cookie" => array:1 [ 0 => "wayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6IkRKeGJCY1ZjSWN3QVF6dDJScTRnQ0E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiYno1TTBpQ2IwL3plbGkyV0xRQnM3R0VUZWdHWi8yL3ZsRHUySVkyOEpqWT0iLCJtYWMiOiI0MDg2MTU5NmVhMDJjZTdhYjRiN2ZlMTkwZGZhZWVhMDk0MGM4ZTBiZTc3OWI3ZTAyZmNiZGM3ZWY1YjhjYzA2IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3Dwayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6IkRKeGJCY1ZjSWN3QVF6dDJScTRnQ0E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiYno1TTBpQ2IwL3plbGkyV0xRQnM3R0VUZWdHWi8yL3ZsRHUySVkyOEpqWT0iLCJtYWMiOiI0MDg2MTU5NmVhMDJj" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        0 of 0
        array:1 [ "wayfindertarget" => null ]
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Tue, 25 Feb 2025 01:44:50 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IndZZFBNeEViWTlERUVmNDdMdTgrSHc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiYVZEblVjQ2xPM25XQmM3dE8zRkM2VFV1ME8yWUVQYWlNeFNKVHo0WkRqOWV6VFpSZFBXRWVXNXBvbS9zTTF1OFRzRmVmbE1CaWlnRUJRSEhuMWhpV1NVSUpUdk92cDBoYUk2OG9VOGIrRERUYlpqV3RuZ0VVZ3YxRG8zd3pNeWIiLCJtYWMiOiI3ZTU1ZmVkY2MwNTMzYjlkMjI2YmQ4MzE4YWMxMjhiZjc1M2Q5MWUzNWZiYTA5ZTMwY2RmNzZjZGE4MzIzNmRlIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 27 Feb 2025 13:44:50 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IndZZFBNeEViWTlERUVmNDdMdTgrSHc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiYVZEblVjQ2xPM25XQmM3dE8zRkM2VFV1ME8yWUVQYWlNeFNKVHo0WkRqOWV6VFpSZFBXRWVXNXBvbS9zTTF1OFRzRmVmb" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IkUwc3ZkQW9iRlozN3lJWHNwMlBPNUE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoidmordTdQYjFxeVhnNkxZeG5uWGUrck5sS28vWUZhVUhaVnB4OE1YUG9oUUphYko4OUM4V21jSFZOQVgxbTJBSzc4TWI0UkZKcE9RaWI3K2duaU5SdGx6RjVNUVdNV3pqNERON0I3ZXhvV1QrZllISXFRMzNJanIvV1NiZnIzK1giLCJtYWMiOiI3MGJhZTY5ZmE3YWYxZTE4MmViNDRmNzE1NThjY2Y4ZDMxYzY4N2E5NTUyZWM3ZDc4NjcwYjNjYjI3MzA5YmVlIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IkUwc3ZkQW9iRlozN3lJWHNwMlBPNUE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoidmordTdQYjFxeVhnNkxZeG5uWGUrck5sS28vWUZhVUhaVnB4OE1YUG9oUUphYko4OUM4V21jSFZ" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IndZZFBNeEViWTlERUVmNDdMdTgrSHc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiYVZEblVjQ2xPM25XQmM3dE8zRkM2VFV1ME8yWUVQYWlNeFNKVHo0WkRqOWV6VFpSZFBXRWVXNXBvbS9zTTF1OFRzRmVmbE1CaWlnRUJRSEhuMWhpV1NVSUpUdk92cDBoYUk2OG9VOGIrRERUYlpqV3RuZ0VVZ3YxRG8zd3pNeWIiLCJtYWMiOiI3ZTU1ZmVkY2MwNTMzYjlkMjI2YmQ4MzE4YWMxMjhiZjc1M2Q5MWUzNWZiYTA5ZTMwY2RmNzZjZGE4MzIzNmRlIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 27-Feb-2025 13:44:50 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IndZZFBNeEViWTlERUVmNDdMdTgrSHc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiYVZEblVjQ2xPM25XQmM3dE8zRkM2VFV1ME8yWUVQYWlNeFNKVHo0WkRqOWV6VFpSZFBXRWVXNXBvbS9zTTF1OFRzRmVmb" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IkUwc3ZkQW9iRlozN3lJWHNwMlBPNUE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoidmordTdQYjFxeVhnNkxZeG5uWGUrck5sS28vWUZhVUhaVnB4OE1YUG9oUUphYko4OUM4V21jSFZOQVgxbTJBSzc4TWI0UkZKcE9RaWI3K2duaU5SdGx6RjVNUVdNV3pqNERON0I3ZXhvV1QrZllISXFRMzNJanIvV1NiZnIzK1giLCJtYWMiOiI3MGJhZTY5ZmE3YWYxZTE4MmViNDRmNzE1NThjY2Y4ZDMxYzY4N2E5NTUyZWM3ZDc4NjcwYjNjYjI3MzA5YmVlIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IkUwc3ZkQW9iRlozN3lJWHNwMlBPNUE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoidmordTdQYjFxeVhnNkxZeG5uWGUrck5sS28vWUZhVUhaVnB4OE1YUG9oUUphYko4OUM4V21jSFZ" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "xfe1urIWzp50xcK6iJknZBAQj4pRzqFCErd0vBPI" "uc_cart_id" => "80d8e16dba71fcaa4570c2b1e803c603" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/7795" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-25 01:44:50GET/chapter/77951121912