Drug Resistant Tuberculosis

Drug Resistant Tuberculosis: Laboratory Diagnosis

Author(s): Rafael Laniado-Laborín

Pp: 22-28 (7)

DOI: 10.2174/9781681080666115010007

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

This chapter covers the available techniques for the diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) and drug resistant tuberculosis. Definite diagnosis of tuberculosis requires the isolation on culture or the identification by molecular biology methods of M. tuberculosis (Mtb). Resistance to antituberculosis drugs, once Mtb has been identified can be carried through conventional culture methods (phenotypic methods) or molecular biology (genotypic methods). Ideally, susceptibility to at least isoniazid and rifampin should be carried in every case, especially in regions with high burden of drug resistant TB. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that at least 20% of all new cases and 100% of previously treated patients should be tested for drug resistance. Although the isolation of Mtb in cultures is still considered as the gold standard, advances in the field of molecular biology allows for a much rapid identification of Mtb, with excellent sensitivity and specificity. Drug susceptibility testing by phenotypic methods can be carried out in both solid and liquid media, but this process is slow, especially with the time-honored proportions method; we now have available molecular biology methods with excellent reliability for isoniazid and rifampin with results in a matter of hours.


Keywords: Antibiotics, Assay, Automated, BACTEC, Culture, DST, Drug-resistance, Isolation, Isoniazid, PCR, MGIT, MODS, Molecular, M. tuberculosis, Rifampin.

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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1518
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 51739267 and j.to_ip >=51739267 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740529047 and j.to_date >= 1740529047 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 7614) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 51739267 and j.to_ip >=51739267 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740529047 and j.to_date >= 1740529047 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 7614) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 51739267 and j.to_ip >=51739267 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740529047 and j.to_date >= 1740529047 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 7614)
      620μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 1723 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1740529047 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1740529047 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.18msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 1723
      • 3: 1740529047
      • 4: 1740529047
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='f1441e0838288fe1cb1825309625b477'
      240μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    15Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        27dWcYpJLRff5VLFEn7MEvat4zhX2SMjiGZtnJG3
        uc_cart_id
        f1441e0838288fe1cb1825309625b477
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/7614" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/7614
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:17 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "cookie" => array:1 [ 0 => "wayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6ImsyZFVlMTZ0d0R0Zjkyd0lKVXlvcEE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiS21RY1QwZnZQb1c3TTV3L3g2czAvellFdHJ6WVJPQkwxN1VYVEhpWkpGOD0iLCJtYWMiOiIwNzViNTkwY2ZkYWFkMDJiZDI1OTUxYTk1YjJiZWEwOWVmMzNlNTI5ZGQ4MzQ3ZWUzYTExYjNjYjM1ZTQ2NTJiIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3Dwayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6ImsyZFVlMTZ0d0R0Zjkyd0lKVXlvcEE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiS21RY1QwZnZQb1c3TTV3L3g2czAvellFdHJ6WVJPQkwxN1VYVEhpWkpGOD0iLCJtYWMiOiIwNzViNTkwY2ZkYWFk" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        0 of 0
        array:1 [ "wayfindertarget" => null ]
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Wed, 26 Feb 2025 00:17:27 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Ikp4ZGNnRDk2QzhqMi8rSHAzLzBaL0E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZjQ0YU9ONmE0QTUzMkZHSkxwNnpSSm9aQjJxS2tJVCsyYlJ3bksvNDNzSlVLVThZK0Q3cW51OUVaTEo1a0Y5VnpzbWo0NFRDYWxrL1JqM3liMnRpei9jRHkxYUpXelhHWnM5REE3ektsRERRVEJlcWF5MEZRVDhDZ09hZ3BJa3QiLCJtYWMiOiJhYjM3MWM5N2E4MjYxODEwODllY2ZiMDUxNGM2NzBiMmJhOTZkMTRmODMzOGFjZmE2NDFiNDlhYWVlYjY5NWY5IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Fri, 28 Feb 2025 12:17:27 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Ikp4ZGNnRDk2QzhqMi8rSHAzLzBaL0E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZjQ0YU9ONmE0QTUzMkZHSkxwNnpSSm9aQjJxS2tJVCsyYlJ3bksvNDNzSlVLVThZK0Q3cW51OUVaTEo1a0Y5VnpzbWo0N" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IlBEMHRWWGJRQjdTVDhOc1ZOMkxieVE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiUTFzUEozdTFxL0dsL0VJa0lsaWx0cDJveWhNUXlFR3NZWFU4ditrZXB5MVVTQnFwRDVSNjlaRE1xWHB6RVFWK1dIV29sdWZoS3AyZkpLM0UrWXErTDdWNFZHRnU1bUlsdE11b2R4dUMydXlZcmRERmRZdUVlNExpN0RDSURnblQiLCJtYWMiOiJkM2M3ZGZhZDkyY2FjNTgzZDYzYWQxOTY0YmRmMDNjMzFlNGJkMzNlYjgxMzQ3MGZhZjI1MmU5OTdjMDE4MDkxIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IlBEMHRWWGJRQjdTVDhOc1ZOMkxieVE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiUTFzUEozdTFxL0dsL0VJa0lsaWx0cDJveWhNUXlFR3NZWFU4ditrZXB5MVVTQnFwRDVSNjlaRE1" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Ikp4ZGNnRDk2QzhqMi8rSHAzLzBaL0E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZjQ0YU9ONmE0QTUzMkZHSkxwNnpSSm9aQjJxS2tJVCsyYlJ3bksvNDNzSlVLVThZK0Q3cW51OUVaTEo1a0Y5VnpzbWo0NFRDYWxrL1JqM3liMnRpei9jRHkxYUpXelhHWnM5REE3ektsRERRVEJlcWF5MEZRVDhDZ09hZ3BJa3QiLCJtYWMiOiJhYjM3MWM5N2E4MjYxODEwODllY2ZiMDUxNGM2NzBiMmJhOTZkMTRmODMzOGFjZmE2NDFiNDlhYWVlYjY5NWY5IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Fri, 28-Feb-2025 12:17:27 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Ikp4ZGNnRDk2QzhqMi8rSHAzLzBaL0E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZjQ0YU9ONmE0QTUzMkZHSkxwNnpSSm9aQjJxS2tJVCsyYlJ3bksvNDNzSlVLVThZK0Q3cW51OUVaTEo1a0Y5VnpzbWo0N" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IlBEMHRWWGJRQjdTVDhOc1ZOMkxieVE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiUTFzUEozdTFxL0dsL0VJa0lsaWx0cDJveWhNUXlFR3NZWFU4ditrZXB5MVVTQnFwRDVSNjlaRE1xWHB6RVFWK1dIV29sdWZoS3AyZkpLM0UrWXErTDdWNFZHRnU1bUlsdE11b2R4dUMydXlZcmRERmRZdUVlNExpN0RDSURnblQiLCJtYWMiOiJkM2M3ZGZhZDkyY2FjNTgzZDYzYWQxOTY0YmRmMDNjMzFlNGJkMzNlYjgxMzQ3MGZhZjI1MmU5OTdjMDE4MDkxIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IlBEMHRWWGJRQjdTVDhOc1ZOMkxieVE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiUTFzUEozdTFxL0dsL0VJa0lsaWx0cDJveWhNUXlFR3NZWFU4ditrZXB5MVVTQnFwRDVSNjlaRE1" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "27dWcYpJLRff5VLFEn7MEvat4zhX2SMjiGZtnJG3" "uc_cart_id" => "f1441e0838288fe1cb1825309625b477" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/7614" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-26 00:17:27GET/chapter/76141121917