Drug Resistant Tuberculosis

Epidemiology of Drug Resistant Tuberculosis

Author(s): Rafael Laniado-Laborín

Pp: 3-4 (2)

DOI: 10.2174/9781681080666115010003

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

In its Global Tuberculosis Report for 2013, the World Health Organization (WHO) estimated a total of 8.6 million tuberculosis (TB) incident cases and 1.3 million deaths from the disease during the previous year. Most of the drug resistant TB (DRTB) cases were not even detected due to a variety of weaknesses of national TB programs. Only 28% of the 300,000 pulmonary TB patients expected to have MDR-TB in the world were reported; the WHO estimates that globally 3.6% of new TB cases and 20.2% of previously treated cases have MDR-TB, and of those, approximately 9.6% will have XDR-TB. In 2012 only 5% of the strains from new bacteriologicallyconfirmed TB cases and 9% of those previously treated for TB were cultured and tested for drug susceptibility. Outcome of treatment for patients with extensively drug resistance TB (XDR-TB) in a cohort from 26 countries was dismal with an overall cure rate of 20% and a 44% death rate.


Keywords: Bacteriological, Cohort, Countries, Death, DOT, Drug, Epidemiology, Global Report, MDR-TB, Pulmonary, Rates, Resistance, Self-administered, Tuberculosis, WHO, XDR-TB.

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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
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      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 873368187 and j.to_ip >=873368187 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740526842 and j.to_date >= 1740526842 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 7610) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 873368187 and j.to_ip >=873368187 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740526842 and j.to_date >= 1740526842 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 7610) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 873368187 and j.to_ip >=873368187 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740526842 and j.to_date >= 1740526842 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 7610)
      780μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 1723 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1740526842 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1740526842 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.27msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 1723
      • 3: 1740526842
      • 4: 1740526842
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='b2450e206dbd4f3d2dd872a8651242a3'
      220μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    16Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        Co1A3xph7k5IJGLMIOAcjunkBMW42HmZIXVmptxt
        uc_cart_id
        b2450e206dbd4f3d2dd872a8651242a3
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/7610" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/7610
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:16 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        []
        
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Tue, 25 Feb 2025 23:40:42 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IjdoOXFiRnF2ZVFqV21ROGhFN204M1E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiLzE0NEc5OWxiaXpXdkl0SythcUs4SThUNFFrVVRIZldtdVlGTS96VkZMUG5xYzRqRno4VEZlallpSk53VkdRMkZPQk84cXJzSVc5S0MwekszNXF5SklxREhQWVB5OWEvMmx3dllMTGJXc2hWUEZ5b0VqUTZrNGhRQ3oxalZOdnUiLCJtYWMiOiJiMzhlZDk0MTgwN2NlYzk1NmJkMTZlNjg1MmFhMzNkMDcwMjc4Yzk2ZWY0NDhhOWZhZTc0OWZmYjM2YTIwY2M4IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Fri, 28 Feb 2025 11:40:42 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IjdoOXFiRnF2ZVFqV21ROGhFN204M1E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiLzE0NEc5OWxiaXpXdkl0SythcUs4SThUNFFrVVRIZldtdVlGTS96VkZMUG5xYzRqRno4VEZlallpSk53VkdRMkZPQk84c" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6InBHYVN4THpWaHJtdUI5ZGhJUFBoMGc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiYUdnTmdBTWEwdmpldnFNRkE4dGVzTm51ZDdiSDZISlZVSHROZTVpeEFrTC8vVmN1SVk2RVJaTTRWZDhjZkNYdWVjNEdYcUE1U3YvY2ZqQkZ0M2lyc3pPY1Z4VEgvZTVOVjZuWnBGS3RBcXRtSjd0L3JqeWZRWmx3TWtIdnlkTkkiLCJtYWMiOiJkZDJkMDU4ZjM3MTBmMGQyYWU1NjMzMTYwMTc5Zjc5ZWRkNGRkZjllYjEzNjQyYTE2YWJiMGY5ZTYwZTI1OTBhIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6InBHYVN4THpWaHJtdUI5ZGhJUFBoMGc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiYUdnTmdBTWEwdmpldnFNRkE4dGVzTm51ZDdiSDZISlZVSHROZTVpeEFrTC8vVmN1SVk2RVJaTTR" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IjdoOXFiRnF2ZVFqV21ROGhFN204M1E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiLzE0NEc5OWxiaXpXdkl0SythcUs4SThUNFFrVVRIZldtdVlGTS96VkZMUG5xYzRqRno4VEZlallpSk53VkdRMkZPQk84cXJzSVc5S0MwekszNXF5SklxREhQWVB5OWEvMmx3dllMTGJXc2hWUEZ5b0VqUTZrNGhRQ3oxalZOdnUiLCJtYWMiOiJiMzhlZDk0MTgwN2NlYzk1NmJkMTZlNjg1MmFhMzNkMDcwMjc4Yzk2ZWY0NDhhOWZhZTc0OWZmYjM2YTIwY2M4IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Fri, 28-Feb-2025 11:40:42 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IjdoOXFiRnF2ZVFqV21ROGhFN204M1E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiLzE0NEc5OWxiaXpXdkl0SythcUs4SThUNFFrVVRIZldtdVlGTS96VkZMUG5xYzRqRno4VEZlallpSk53VkdRMkZPQk84c" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6InBHYVN4THpWaHJtdUI5ZGhJUFBoMGc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiYUdnTmdBTWEwdmpldnFNRkE4dGVzTm51ZDdiSDZISlZVSHROZTVpeEFrTC8vVmN1SVk2RVJaTTRWZDhjZkNYdWVjNEdYcUE1U3YvY2ZqQkZ0M2lyc3pPY1Z4VEgvZTVOVjZuWnBGS3RBcXRtSjd0L3JqeWZRWmx3TWtIdnlkTkkiLCJtYWMiOiJkZDJkMDU4ZjM3MTBmMGQyYWU1NjMzMTYwMTc5Zjc5ZWRkNGRkZjllYjEzNjQyYTE2YWJiMGY5ZTYwZTI1OTBhIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6InBHYVN4THpWaHJtdUI5ZGhJUFBoMGc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiYUdnTmdBTWEwdmpldnFNRkE4dGVzTm51ZDdiSDZISlZVSHROZTVpeEFrTC8vVmN1SVk2RVJaTTR" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "Co1A3xph7k5IJGLMIOAcjunkBMW42HmZIXVmptxt" "uc_cart_id" => "b2450e206dbd4f3d2dd872a8651242a3" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/7610" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-25 23:40:42GET/chapter/76101121918