Psychopharmacological Issues in Geriatrics

Historical Perspective of Psychotropic Drug Use

Author(s): Juan Medrano

Pp: 3-15 (13)

DOI: 10.2174/9781681080345115010004

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

This chapter divides the history of Psychopharmacology into three different eras. The first, Empiric Psychopharmacology, was that of the serendipitous discovery of diverse molecules in the 1950s, in which the main current classes of compounds were roughly created. A second era, Scientific Psychopharmacology, was defined by the purposeful design of agents based on pathophysiological hypothesis developed from the identified mechanisms of action of the first psychiatric drugs. A third, modern era, of disenchantment, is marked by a growing criticism of Psychopharmacology and its commercial dimension. Finally, some remarks are made on the possible future of Psychopharmacology.


Keywords: Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, Antipsychotics, Anxiolytics, Ataractics, Benzodiazepines, Berger, Frank, Cade, John, Catecholamine hypothesis of depression, D. Jean, D. Pierre, Discontinuation syndrome, Dopaminergic hypothesis of schizophrenia, Evidence Based Medicine (EBM), Kühn, Roland, Laborit, Henri, MAOI antidepressants, Meprobamate, Me-too, Mood stabilizers, Neuroleptics, Nootropics, Schou, Mogens, Supersensitivity psychosis, Tranquillizers, Tricyclic antidepressants.

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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
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      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 309824417 and j.to_ip >=309824417 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739835079 and j.to_date >= 1739835079 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 7547) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 309824417 and j.to_ip >=309824417 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739835079 and j.to_date >= 1739835079 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 7547) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 309824417 and j.to_ip >=309824417 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739835079 and j.to_date >= 1739835079 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 7547)
      700μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 1717 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1739835079 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1739835079 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.1msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 1717
      • 3: 1739835079
      • 4: 1739835079
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='c5ddaad88f51b123a9e09bc9dfc5bd43'
      260μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    30Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
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        uc_cart_id
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        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
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        status_code
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        status_text
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        format
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        content_type
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        request_query
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        request_request
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        request_headers
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        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-17 23:31:19GET/chapter/75471121932