Biodiversity Conservation - Challenges for the Future

Seasonal Variations Influencing the Bryophyte Diversity of Monoculture Plantations in the Southern Western Ghats

Author(s): Kariyappa K.C. and Daniels A.E.D.

Pp: 229-234 (6)

DOI: 10.2174/9781681080215115010026

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

Two monoculture plantations viz., Rubber and Teak were sampled over a period of 10 months from August 2009 to June 2010 for Bryophytes. A total of 1315 collections were made from 30 permanent quadrates laid on 6 transects. Rubber plantation was found to harbour 14 species and Teak 22. The species diversity increased during monsoon season and declined in drier months. This pattern was more pronounced in Teak plantation. On the other hand species found during the drier months are the more generalized and light tolerant mosses such as Fissidens ceylonensis, F. kalimpongensis, Hyophila comosa, H. involuta and liverworts such as Frullania acutiloba and F. campanulata. However, a significant variation in the number and type of species was not seen in both the plantations. This indicates that the monoculture plantations remain stable and promote the growth of more generalised and light tolerant species but lead to local extinction of species with restricted distribution.


Keywords: Bryophytes, corticolous, diversity, evergreen forests, humidity, light tolerant, monoculture plantations, rubber, rupicolous, seasonal changes, shade loving, teak, terricolous.

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      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 51364601 and j.to_ip >=51364601 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740458728 and j.to_date >= 1740458728 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 7342) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 51364601 and j.to_ip >=51364601 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740458728 and j.to_date >= 1740458728 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 7342) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 51364601 and j.to_ip >=51364601 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740458728 and j.to_date >= 1740458728 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 7342)
      810μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 1703 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1740458728 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1740458728 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.1msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 1703
      • 3: 1740458728
      • 4: 1740458728
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='0c9149c11be2ab5fcfe70ee9a0a21555'
      250μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    13Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        hWp9q3FSLwLbUQ4CDNvSLM19LO95cfmvFYdURgub
        uc_cart_id
        0c9149c11be2ab5fcfe70ee9a0a21555
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/7342" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/7342
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:17 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "cookie" => array:1 [ 0 => "wayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6Ii95SWw1VkdQSDViSURtSVJiUC93K0E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiSElPNmFNMkpxTEo4VnBpdWJoZVZDZXVlUTA2L3Y2RUpyQ2FkSkFKcTd5QT0iLCJtYWMiOiIxZDZkNjE2MDIyMDQ3MWQyNDY3MjU4YmNkYTZhMjVhNWI3ZTIzNzdjOGI5ZDgwN2QyZTVkZWRhM2FhMTk0ZTFhIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3Dwayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6Ii95SWw1VkdQSDViSURtSVJiUC93K0E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiSElPNmFNMkpxTEo4VnBpdWJoZVZDZXVlUTA2L3Y2RUpyQ2FkSkFKcTd5QT0iLCJtYWMiOiIxZDZkNjE2MDIyMDQ3" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        0 of 0
        array:1 [ "wayfindertarget" => null ]
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Tue, 25 Feb 2025 04:45:28 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImE1RlpKNklFVDFkWkNYWFF5N29uZ3c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiVVNDd3VQaFpPSjNsRWFmSHBJRjJIV2NqNWNrdlpHS0RqMGt6NDFxM3ZudGl5MlpxcDhYSmRxUGVIbVl1WHR3Sng2NE9IdmJ6b2M1b1IvTEFIVlVoT0dvWC85THB4eE5YdlJnRUpsVlMybnFjbUhCR0ZLZnY2ZUx0VE1PNmJ0NE0iLCJtYWMiOiIxYjMwZDE3NjIzNzNkYjRkYzI0OGM4ZmEyNjU0MmJlYTc5ODlmZjZmNzA5NWVkYjRlZDBjNjEzNDlhZGU5OTk0IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 27 Feb 2025 16:45:28 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImE1RlpKNklFVDFkWkNYWFF5N29uZ3c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiVVNDd3VQaFpPSjNsRWFmSHBJRjJIV2NqNWNrdlpHS0RqMGt6NDFxM3ZudGl5MlpxcDhYSmRxUGVIbVl1WHR3Sng2NE9Id" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IjEwQnQ0UWNtUWx2UnpYazNmRzc1UVE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiMGY3RlZ3RWFTa21Za2F2ZUtqZS8vajBXR1lYVXFGSnpLTy9uQ0NTSWR4UUMwZ3NzbmNnSjZiNmtPT2xyS1p5a0dIWkFVUEd4cDFyUFNGNU9RZGJpbjFITDlha1VISDV5ZHJtNWU1a3VIdUZ2dlJmcm9VKzJYRlVBc2Jidm90dmIiLCJtYWMiOiI2NGUzMmVhNzFkOWFiZDlmM2E2ZWNmMjVhNGRlNmVlMTQ5MWExYzNlZmQxODU0MGQ3MDNmODg2MzZmYTAwZjhkIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IjEwQnQ0UWNtUWx2UnpYazNmRzc1UVE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiMGY3RlZ3RWFTa21Za2F2ZUtqZS8vajBXR1lYVXFGSnpLTy9uQ0NTSWR4UUMwZ3NzbmNnSjZiNmt" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImE1RlpKNklFVDFkWkNYWFF5N29uZ3c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiVVNDd3VQaFpPSjNsRWFmSHBJRjJIV2NqNWNrdlpHS0RqMGt6NDFxM3ZudGl5MlpxcDhYSmRxUGVIbVl1WHR3Sng2NE9IdmJ6b2M1b1IvTEFIVlVoT0dvWC85THB4eE5YdlJnRUpsVlMybnFjbUhCR0ZLZnY2ZUx0VE1PNmJ0NE0iLCJtYWMiOiIxYjMwZDE3NjIzNzNkYjRkYzI0OGM4ZmEyNjU0MmJlYTc5ODlmZjZmNzA5NWVkYjRlZDBjNjEzNDlhZGU5OTk0IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 27-Feb-2025 16:45:28 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImE1RlpKNklFVDFkWkNYWFF5N29uZ3c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiVVNDd3VQaFpPSjNsRWFmSHBJRjJIV2NqNWNrdlpHS0RqMGt6NDFxM3ZudGl5MlpxcDhYSmRxUGVIbVl1WHR3Sng2NE9Id" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IjEwQnQ0UWNtUWx2UnpYazNmRzc1UVE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiMGY3RlZ3RWFTa21Za2F2ZUtqZS8vajBXR1lYVXFGSnpLTy9uQ0NTSWR4UUMwZ3NzbmNnSjZiNmtPT2xyS1p5a0dIWkFVUEd4cDFyUFNGNU9RZGJpbjFITDlha1VISDV5ZHJtNWU1a3VIdUZ2dlJmcm9VKzJYRlVBc2Jidm90dmIiLCJtYWMiOiI2NGUzMmVhNzFkOWFiZDlmM2E2ZWNmMjVhNGRlNmVlMTQ5MWExYzNlZmQxODU0MGQ3MDNmODg2MzZmYTAwZjhkIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IjEwQnQ0UWNtUWx2UnpYazNmRzc1UVE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiMGY3RlZ3RWFTa21Za2F2ZUtqZS8vajBXR1lYVXFGSnpLTy9uQ0NTSWR4UUMwZ3NzbmNnSjZiNmt" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "hWp9q3FSLwLbUQ4CDNvSLM19LO95cfmvFYdURgub" "uc_cart_id" => "0c9149c11be2ab5fcfe70ee9a0a21555" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/7342" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-25 04:45:28GET/chapter/73421121915