Biodiversity Conservation - Challenges for the Future

Collective Action on Improving Environmental and Economic Performance of Vegetable Production: Exploring Pesticides Safety in India

Author(s): Sreejith Aravindakshan and Sherief A. K.

Pp: 127-135 (9)

DOI: 10.2174/9781681080215115010015

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

From the chemical input-intensive yield-enhancement practices of the Green Revolution era, agricultural research and development focus is gradually shifting towards establishing Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) in fruits and vegetable sector. The dominant problems affecting fruits and vegetables in terms of safety is presence of pesticide residues. Globally, authorities have long highlighted this risk and imposed appropriate maximal limits of residues (MLRs). In spite of imposing MLRs in fresh vegetables, negative health effects of pesticides residue in consumers have been increasingly reported from states of India like Kerala. Along with other factors, food quality and safety declination resulting from inappropriate chemicals and pesticide use during crop production is widely documented as one of the root-causes of the health issues. The weak quality assurance schemes in developing countries impede smallholders’ inclusion in high value chains due to imperfect institutional and governance arrangements throughout the system. Apparently, erstwhile studies have emphasized the significance of collective action among smallholders as a solution to the above constraints. However, past studies on vegetable production in India are either from a horticultural and entomological perspective on increasing production and productivity, pest management or on cost of cultivation and those solely from an econometric, institutional and collective action perspective have been hardly studied. Still lesser are studies understanding the inter-linkages between smallholders’ collective action and pesticides risk reduction in vegetable production of India. In this backdrop, the current study examines various econometric models and suggests suitable models to assess the institutional mechanisms on improving environmental and economic performance of vegetable production in India under collective action.


Keywords: Agricultural practices, bio-control agents, crop rotation, data envelopment, ecological conditions, food safety, insecticides, organic farming, pathogenic, pesticide safety, pest management, poverty reduction, quality assurance, smallholders, vegetable production.

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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1518
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 873368187 and j.to_ip >=873368187 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740458220 and j.to_date >= 1740458220 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 7331) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 873368187 and j.to_ip >=873368187 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740458220 and j.to_date >= 1740458220 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 7331) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 873368187 and j.to_ip >=873368187 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740458220 and j.to_date >= 1740458220 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 7331)
      1.21msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 1703 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1740458220 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1740458220 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.66msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 1703
      • 3: 1740458220
      • 4: 1740458220
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='e845bf03bb03378b0bd3ec7a3f34200e'
      530μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    15Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        VrXFy3alIn08sKtoeCJV6FBCeLMgTdmBFnfKePTJ
        uc_cart_id
        e845bf03bb03378b0bd3ec7a3f34200e
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/7331" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/7331
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:17 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "cookie" => array:1 [ 0 => "wayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6ImtvK3kxR2VzUUxNZkoyT2N1d0FQZEE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiS3NpL0VhUTBtQU50RXZjODM3Y1owNFBmZFQwNlRhejdDSzdWM1VKQlJOND0iLCJtYWMiOiI1MmYyMDRhYmNhMjFmOWFmODViYTQzMDBkOGMxZWZiM2Q2Y2QxNTIzYmJkNDBkMzY3N2M3N2FiZjcxZTIzYWU2IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3Dwayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6ImtvK3kxR2VzUUxNZkoyT2N1d0FQZEE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiS3NpL0VhUTBtQU50RXZjODM3Y1owNFBmZFQwNlRhejdDSzdWM1VKQlJOND0iLCJtYWMiOiI1MmYyMDRhYmNhMjFm" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        0 of 0
        array:1 [ "wayfindertarget" => null ]
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Tue, 25 Feb 2025 04:37:00 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImoyTG1pVkFYVjM3WnNGWm5QQzJITnc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiTEVQY3U4eUNvSnZaZGhCN05YRElNNkdXS0g0U2Z2RERTZHFuZkZYYWVnZHhCd0xWQktmS3RpeTV6YW9mdmNpeDJHaGFaeDdRa0I2NklYWWZsVFdUdlVIUnlYZkZwdThIbTFQWmc0TXVBaGlrNUVqMUdsb0dOVitCZFJ3SDlIRFciLCJtYWMiOiIwMWZjZTc5ZWYwOTkwYWM1ZDc4ZGE3YmIxNDgzNWM2NzVjZDY2OGMzN2Y0ZmE4M2VhOTU4OTI5OWZlNDE2MmRiIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 27 Feb 2025 16:37:00 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImoyTG1pVkFYVjM3WnNGWm5QQzJITnc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiTEVQY3U4eUNvSnZaZGhCN05YRElNNkdXS0g0U2Z2RERTZHFuZkZYYWVnZHhCd0xWQktmS3RpeTV6YW9mdmNpeDJHaGFae" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6ImtPOFhmT2NwbTY1VEdoSDFMV29IS0E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZzN1VVlIa01hMHFaMFF4OUtVRmI2dlhKVmNKK29PQ0R6TXo3a3dma1hEenpwa0l1SkZ1TDEzVUViaUNvcjBMQ0tOS0xQTzBubzNid2xaWEg5NFg2eEVhRFpHV3RRSjRldmgrRnJ0N253QkJ2dGxXeWY0QmZ3Nlhod0Z3b3VVbFgiLCJtYWMiOiI4ZTg2NWVmYzI2NDgxNmJhODkzYTRkYTczNWYwMDAwYjY0NDA0NmE1OGFkMzM3NGJjYmI4YzNhZjdkZjdiZjk2IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6ImtPOFhmT2NwbTY1VEdoSDFMV29IS0E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZzN1VVlIa01hMHFaMFF4OUtVRmI2dlhKVmNKK29PQ0R6TXo3a3dma1hEenpwa0l1SkZ1TDEzVUV" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImoyTG1pVkFYVjM3WnNGWm5QQzJITnc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiTEVQY3U4eUNvSnZaZGhCN05YRElNNkdXS0g0U2Z2RERTZHFuZkZYYWVnZHhCd0xWQktmS3RpeTV6YW9mdmNpeDJHaGFaeDdRa0I2NklYWWZsVFdUdlVIUnlYZkZwdThIbTFQWmc0TXVBaGlrNUVqMUdsb0dOVitCZFJ3SDlIRFciLCJtYWMiOiIwMWZjZTc5ZWYwOTkwYWM1ZDc4ZGE3YmIxNDgzNWM2NzVjZDY2OGMzN2Y0ZmE4M2VhOTU4OTI5OWZlNDE2MmRiIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 27-Feb-2025 16:37:00 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImoyTG1pVkFYVjM3WnNGWm5QQzJITnc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiTEVQY3U4eUNvSnZaZGhCN05YRElNNkdXS0g0U2Z2RERTZHFuZkZYYWVnZHhCd0xWQktmS3RpeTV6YW9mdmNpeDJHaGFae" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6ImtPOFhmT2NwbTY1VEdoSDFMV29IS0E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZzN1VVlIa01hMHFaMFF4OUtVRmI2dlhKVmNKK29PQ0R6TXo3a3dma1hEenpwa0l1SkZ1TDEzVUViaUNvcjBMQ0tOS0xQTzBubzNid2xaWEg5NFg2eEVhRFpHV3RRSjRldmgrRnJ0N253QkJ2dGxXeWY0QmZ3Nlhod0Z3b3VVbFgiLCJtYWMiOiI4ZTg2NWVmYzI2NDgxNmJhODkzYTRkYTczNWYwMDAwYjY0NDA0NmE1OGFkMzM3NGJjYmI4YzNhZjdkZjdiZjk2IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6ImtPOFhmT2NwbTY1VEdoSDFMV29IS0E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZzN1VVlIa01hMHFaMFF4OUtVRmI2dlhKVmNKK29PQ0R6TXo3a3dma1hEenpwa0l1SkZ1TDEzVUV" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "VrXFy3alIn08sKtoeCJV6FBCeLMgTdmBFnfKePTJ" "uc_cart_id" => "e845bf03bb03378b0bd3ec7a3f34200e" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/7331" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-25 04:37:00GET/chapter/73311121917