Biodiversity Conservation - Challenges for the Future

The State of Frogs in India: A Case for Discontinuation of Use of Frogs in Dissections and Experiments

Author(s): Mohammad A. Akbarsha

Pp: 41-52 (12)

DOI: 10.2174/9781681080215115010006

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

India has the pride of being one among the few mega-biodiversity countries of the world. Whereas its land area is limited to 2.4%, it has 7-8% of the total number of species so far recorded, of which about 45,500 species are plants and 91,000 species are animals. As reported in 2007, among the 5150 amphibian species recorded, 240 are present in India, which accounts for 4.66%. Unfortunately, the amphibians, which survived all the four mass extinctions since their origin, have been projected to be facing extinction at the global scale in the ongoing/envisaged sixth mass extinction. Many amphibians species have been declared in the Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972 as protected, and included in the different schedules reflecting different levels of threat. Frogs that are commonly used for dissection and experiments in India are included in Schedule IV of this Act. This means that holding of these frogs in captivity and/or use for any purpose including as delicacy without the permission from the local Chief Wild Life Warden is a punishable offence.

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      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
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      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1518
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59397798 and j.to_ip >=59397798 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740472564 and j.to_date >= 1740472564 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 7322) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59397798 and j.to_ip >=59397798 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740472564 and j.to_date >= 1740472564 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 7322) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59397798 and j.to_ip >=59397798 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740472564 and j.to_date >= 1740472564 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 7322)
      900μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 1703 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1740472564 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1740472564 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.52msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 1703
      • 3: 1740472564
      • 4: 1740472564
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='b74cd3bef0cd6bca64a3d835fe6a7e2c'
      340μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Keywords
    1Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        o20OuBDucYXPF8QeDMFH49O5uk4Zsdiynh5EHtlL
        uc_cart_id
        b74cd3bef0cd6bca64a3d835fe6a7e2c
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/7322" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/7322
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:17 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "cookie" => array:1 [ 0 => "wayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6Ijh0R0xCOTVzTzVYdEtSbWNzMUxwa2c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiQVhRVDhZZjlHdVBBcUxPVTVab05lMmNrRmRKeFRQK0Z2OWNKWWxJNUVzQT0iLCJtYWMiOiIyY2JiZDY5ZmI5MjExNjc3M2U4MzNmYmM2MjhmOThkOGUxYmY3MTY5NWFlYTQzNWFlZjViMTgxMGZiNjFiZTNmIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3Dwayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6Ijh0R0xCOTVzTzVYdEtSbWNzMUxwa2c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiQVhRVDhZZjlHdVBBcUxPVTVab05lMmNrRmRKeFRQK0Z2OWNKWWxJNUVzQT0iLCJtYWMiOiIyY2JiZDY5ZmI5MjEx" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        0 of 0
        array:1 [ "wayfindertarget" => null ]
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Tue, 25 Feb 2025 08:36:04 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Ik45N2luSXV6SFNuQzh6MDNQU0VqbHc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoibUlJS0xnNVNMNEp6R2IrQjBxL0tRTmFEZzVHdEpPK3AxZjdybXZFckNyTGZtWTFNeXowTm1ZanNVMjY2VUN6aHBYbTZtdExlN3lUaStwSmJPNnRsTUxmdWhXRWF2a3hCbnhSRXpQVE1sM0pqTlFOWXZzZmNLVE9ad3RjRzI2WFMiLCJtYWMiOiIyNjFhODBiNTY4NWIwOTY1M2E4YjZlNmZkODE0YWUwMjE0MzViYmMyYzc4MzViZTNlZDI4MjY2MDI1ZTQ0NjQ0IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 27 Feb 2025 20:36:04 GMT; Max-Age=215999; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Ik45N2luSXV6SFNuQzh6MDNQU0VqbHc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoibUlJS0xnNVNMNEp6R2IrQjBxL0tRTmFEZzVHdEpPK3AxZjdybXZFckNyTGZtWTFNeXowTm1ZanNVMjY2VUN6aHBYbTZtd" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IlJSdjdvczZJTzlGUXBYbkczSlVnWWc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoieFZBck1CTTNqN25lWkJMV05Cc2dSWFlieklURW9ZWEh5cmFMUDA4bkFwTjZWUzMxYnBPZGRzOEhhNkk5RHBGN2RpR3p2c2ZWQSs2QTVnNVJBdXVOWEZVRTJLSHJkOXJNM2pzZ3FDcHhkQWtJS2VCL0RrVTF2OGJYTlpxbzZUcEciLCJtYWMiOiI0NjE1ZmQwMjRlZTlhMjg0YWFjZDk4ZDcxMDg4YjA5NTg2OTE0MGZhMTVkODA0NTk1MmM4YTdmMjVkOWU5NzU2IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IlJSdjdvczZJTzlGUXBYbkczSlVnWWc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoieFZBck1CTTNqN25lWkJMV05Cc2dSWFlieklURW9ZWEh5cmFMUDA4bkFwTjZWUzMxYnBPZGRzOEh" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Ik45N2luSXV6SFNuQzh6MDNQU0VqbHc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoibUlJS0xnNVNMNEp6R2IrQjBxL0tRTmFEZzVHdEpPK3AxZjdybXZFckNyTGZtWTFNeXowTm1ZanNVMjY2VUN6aHBYbTZtdExlN3lUaStwSmJPNnRsTUxmdWhXRWF2a3hCbnhSRXpQVE1sM0pqTlFOWXZzZmNLVE9ad3RjRzI2WFMiLCJtYWMiOiIyNjFhODBiNTY4NWIwOTY1M2E4YjZlNmZkODE0YWUwMjE0MzViYmMyYzc4MzViZTNlZDI4MjY2MDI1ZTQ0NjQ0IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 27-Feb-2025 20:36:04 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Ik45N2luSXV6SFNuQzh6MDNQU0VqbHc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoibUlJS0xnNVNMNEp6R2IrQjBxL0tRTmFEZzVHdEpPK3AxZjdybXZFckNyTGZtWTFNeXowTm1ZanNVMjY2VUN6aHBYbTZtd" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IlJSdjdvczZJTzlGUXBYbkczSlVnWWc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoieFZBck1CTTNqN25lWkJMV05Cc2dSWFlieklURW9ZWEh5cmFMUDA4bkFwTjZWUzMxYnBPZGRzOEhhNkk5RHBGN2RpR3p2c2ZWQSs2QTVnNVJBdXVOWEZVRTJLSHJkOXJNM2pzZ3FDcHhkQWtJS2VCL0RrVTF2OGJYTlpxbzZUcEciLCJtYWMiOiI0NjE1ZmQwMjRlZTlhMjg0YWFjZDk4ZDcxMDg4YjA5NTg2OTE0MGZhMTVkODA0NTk1MmM4YTdmMjVkOWU5NzU2IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IlJSdjdvczZJTzlGUXBYbkczSlVnWWc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoieFZBck1CTTNqN25lWkJMV05Cc2dSWFlieklURW9ZWEh5cmFMUDA4bkFwTjZWUzMxYnBPZGRzOEh" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "o20OuBDucYXPF8QeDMFH49O5uk4Zsdiynh5EHtlL" "uc_cart_id" => "b74cd3bef0cd6bca64a3d835fe6a7e2c" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/7322" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-25 08:36:05GET/chapter/7322112193