Thrombosis and Inflammation in Acute Coronary Syndromes

Circulating Biomarkers of Vulnerable Atheromatous Plaques

Author(s): Xinkang Wang

Pp: 3-21 (19)

DOI: 10.2174/9781681080291115010004

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

Rupture of atherosclerotic plaques is a major cause of cardiovascular events, including acute coronary syndromes, myocardial infarction and stroke. Identification of the vulnerable plaques is one of the most important steps leading to the treatment of patients with the disease. In spite of a considerable effort in identifying patients with vulnerable plaque, including the use of both circulatory and imaging biomarkers to delineate the molecular, cellular, and structural components and/or evolution of atherosclerosis and plaque vulnerability, it still lacks of such a specific biomarker for this disease. This review will focus on recent advances on discovery of circulating markers in atherosclerosis and hope that some of these markers might be of values to assess vulnerable atheromatous plaques. It is hoped that these biomarkers may be able to facilitate disease diagnosis and the development of new therapeutics to treat vulnerable plaque and its consequence of cardiovascular diseases.


Keywords: Atherosclerosis, atherosclerotic plaque, biomarker, cardiovascular disease, circulatory biomarker, inflammation, plaque rupture, translational medicine, vulnerable plaque.

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      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1465
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
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      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1478
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1518
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316202228 and j.to_ip >=316202228 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740458561 and j.to_date >= 1740458561 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 7242) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316202228 and j.to_ip >=316202228 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740458561 and j.to_date >= 1740458561 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 7242) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316202228 and j.to_ip >=316202228 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740458561 and j.to_date >= 1740458561 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 7242)
      660μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 1699 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1740458561 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1740458561 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.13msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 1699
      • 3: 1740458561
      • 4: 1740458561
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='66eb6b7e526158fd901c707c89b29d4d'
      480μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    9Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        XrYQs1zHlz3VwnRMDvZvgF7y4fg0SnamLW5138II
        uc_cart_id
        66eb6b7e526158fd901c707c89b29d4d
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/7242" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/7242
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:17 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "cookie" => array:1 [ 0 => "wayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6Ill1N08vcExsVzNSdXh3SkQvRVU3b1E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoib2ZMZnFZNGNaYVdSUVRxUEJPbUlTeWV2TUZYbTRMcUwyNGZUMkUzYldNTT0iLCJtYWMiOiIwMzU4MDViNzU5YWI3NjhiMTJmMTczNzdlNmEzOTQ4ZDBjZWZlZTYyOWQ3OTkzNDRlOTZhZmE1YWFlMjdlNTNhIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3Dwayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6Ill1N08vcExsVzNSdXh3SkQvRVU3b1E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoib2ZMZnFZNGNaYVdSUVRxUEJPbUlTeWV2TUZYbTRMcUwyNGZUMkUzYldNTT0iLCJtYWMiOiIwMzU4MDViNzU5YWI3" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        0 of 0
        array:1 [ "wayfindertarget" => null ]
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Tue, 25 Feb 2025 04:42:41 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IndqWXBlT1dPcVpNT3VkTkFoTllGcUE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoieS9qYjgwaCt6NGpiNGlKaUE0Nzg5VHdmSExzZHhTNm92UUtBTXprZFFLYXQyS0FxZWFLV1VLMFNmOTllNXczU2hzcjRuTEl1TFNib01TeUxFY0k5NzJMVWVsaUJrRjJVK3U0dnFHZG91TlRGT2tnMTVETGloWmd0a2drUjJCY3kiLCJtYWMiOiIwMTQ1ZmMyNGI5ZjkwNzg3YjM3MDEwMGI0YzkxZjNiNTA3NjhmNDBkYjkwNDZjNzgzYjUxZDJjYTZkNGZjZmRmIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 27 Feb 2025 16:42:41 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IndqWXBlT1dPcVpNT3VkTkFoTllGcUE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoieS9qYjgwaCt6NGpiNGlKaUE0Nzg5VHdmSExzZHhTNm92UUtBTXprZFFLYXQyS0FxZWFLV1VLMFNmOTllNXczU2hzcjRuT" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6Im93b2VBU21jTFQ4Y2trdlc4bDhJaEE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoibGdWaytCMHBwVHNnUFg5Ykl4TlJPR01UeDNQYTRHL3ZCS3R0a3VhYTVpOW5XK3BDaXJSMDRMd3dDMTc2VHcrUVRWMEhkTzRrSUFNYzFWb08wd05YRmV5aXVzRXpRT29QUExwd3RZWWQ4N1pVZUNmNit4aXI5aHBzdTZlcTl5Y3EiLCJtYWMiOiI1YTkzYWRhNTJlOGQ1MmI3ZmFlYzhlZTVjMzRlNDkyMmRiZGJlZDU2OTllY2VjZmM2ZDFkYWYyZjAxMTE0ZDU3IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6Im93b2VBU21jTFQ4Y2trdlc4bDhJaEE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoibGdWaytCMHBwVHNnUFg5Ykl4TlJPR01UeDNQYTRHL3ZCS3R0a3VhYTVpOW5XK3BDaXJSMDRMd3d" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IndqWXBlT1dPcVpNT3VkTkFoTllGcUE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoieS9qYjgwaCt6NGpiNGlKaUE0Nzg5VHdmSExzZHhTNm92UUtBTXprZFFLYXQyS0FxZWFLV1VLMFNmOTllNXczU2hzcjRuTEl1TFNib01TeUxFY0k5NzJMVWVsaUJrRjJVK3U0dnFHZG91TlRGT2tnMTVETGloWmd0a2drUjJCY3kiLCJtYWMiOiIwMTQ1ZmMyNGI5ZjkwNzg3YjM3MDEwMGI0YzkxZjNiNTA3NjhmNDBkYjkwNDZjNzgzYjUxZDJjYTZkNGZjZmRmIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 27-Feb-2025 16:42:41 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IndqWXBlT1dPcVpNT3VkTkFoTllGcUE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoieS9qYjgwaCt6NGpiNGlKaUE0Nzg5VHdmSExzZHhTNm92UUtBTXprZFFLYXQyS0FxZWFLV1VLMFNmOTllNXczU2hzcjRuT" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6Im93b2VBU21jTFQ4Y2trdlc4bDhJaEE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoibGdWaytCMHBwVHNnUFg5Ykl4TlJPR01UeDNQYTRHL3ZCS3R0a3VhYTVpOW5XK3BDaXJSMDRMd3dDMTc2VHcrUVRWMEhkTzRrSUFNYzFWb08wd05YRmV5aXVzRXpRT29QUExwd3RZWWQ4N1pVZUNmNit4aXI5aHBzdTZlcTl5Y3EiLCJtYWMiOiI1YTkzYWRhNTJlOGQ1MmI3ZmFlYzhlZTVjMzRlNDkyMmRiZGJlZDU2OTllY2VjZmM2ZDFkYWYyZjAxMTE0ZDU3IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6Im93b2VBU21jTFQ4Y2trdlc4bDhJaEE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoibGdWaytCMHBwVHNnUFg5Ykl4TlJPR01UeDNQYTRHL3ZCS3R0a3VhYTVpOW5XK3BDaXJSMDRMd3d" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "XrYQs1zHlz3VwnRMDvZvgF7y4fg0SnamLW5138II" "uc_cart_id" => "66eb6b7e526158fd901c707c89b29d4d" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/7242" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-25 04:42:41GET/chapter/72421121911