Anthropology: Current and Future Developments

Volume: 1

Primitive Archaeology

Author(s): Robert G. Bednarik

Pp: 300-331 (32)

DOI: 10.2174/9781681080192115010010

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

This chapter begins with a discussion of reasonableness in archaeological interpretation, which is shown to be of an arbitrary nature. The effects of taphonomic logic are scrutinized, and the task of metamorphology is outlined. Another perspective, derived from complex systems science, also indicates that the sophistication of early human culture should be assumed to have been underestimated. This tendency of underrating the ancients, in combination with the “African Eve” hypothesis, accounts for the reluctance of accepting the Pleistocene seafaring ability. It is emphasized by the inability of archaeology to consider the probably more developed and sedentary half of Pleistocene humanity, the coastal populations, because it totally lacks any knowledge about them. Finally, in examining philosophy of science, the roles of sensory perception and language in the creation of human constructs of reality is reviewed.


Keywords: Archaeological interpretation, taphonomic logic, metamorphology, hegemonic narrative, complex systems science, Pleistocene seafaring, philosophy of science, sensory perception.

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      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 51592399 and j.to_ip >=51592399 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739834414 and j.to_date >= 1739834414 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 7186) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 51592399 and j.to_ip >=51592399 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739834414 and j.to_date >= 1739834414 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 7186) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 51592399 and j.to_ip >=51592399 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739834414 and j.to_date >= 1739834414 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 7186)
      800μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 1694 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1739834414 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1739834414 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.12msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 1694
      • 3: 1739834414
      • 4: 1739834414
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='4ad0b4ff160587723d4c8dc8256eb151'
      240μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    8Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        SpKCFjRKVAXjl2TUIPoDA3T7zmiR5K69kBOWy6je
        uc_cart_id
        4ad0b4ff160587723d4c8dc8256eb151
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/7186" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/7186
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:17 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "cookie" => array:1 [ 0 => "wayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6Ikx3SUxMTlpOU0FkZEE4cjhGWHY2eUE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoia3BKV1RxQXRxT3pIeE8xT3Izc1ZqMzMvdmd3Nk5ZTzMyOTV3S09GRWxxVT0iLCJtYWMiOiJmYjkwZTkwZmY5NzlmNDAzZWNmYjc2ZjgyMjg2NTFkYTk2MDBkNTRhMDA3ODc1NTUxMTZhOGMzMzg5NGJiMWVlIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3Dwayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6Ikx3SUxMTlpOU0FkZEE4cjhGWHY2eUE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoia3BKV1RxQXRxT3pIeE8xT3Izc1ZqMzMvdmd3Nk5ZTzMyOTV3S09GRWxxVT0iLCJtYWMiOiJmYjkwZTkwZmY5Nzlm" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        0 of 0
        array:1 [ "wayfindertarget" => null ]
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mon, 17 Feb 2025 23:20:14 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImFaSHkzSFdscnRqdVJQZGc4NXdYUlE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiVUJOSlFQbXpyMVBXVWRoeWNSL2FQOTV4Vm41SlR0RkRoMUVFczYxMmNCU0d1VUQ2U3o3ekUyNDRsRHU5VUdtZU1ENUpybzJmUFkyQW5DNFZtVGwrMHFWd1pHZkMwRlM2cVVuOFE2TWd6M3hqYUxxY3FrblZzbTdPQjRQeFhhbmQiLCJtYWMiOiI0YzQ2ZTgyZmQ5MGY0NmNmYzg3MzIyNmZkNWQzMDI2MjZjYTQwNmZjODFhYmU0YTliMjE5MTE1ZTVhYmFkNTEwIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 20 Feb 2025 11:20:14 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImFaSHkzSFdscnRqdVJQZGc4NXdYUlE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiVUJOSlFQbXpyMVBXVWRoeWNSL2FQOTV4Vm41SlR0RkRoMUVFczYxMmNCU0d1VUQ2U3o3ekUyNDRsRHU5VUdtZU1ENUpyb" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6Im5ReFZrQTN3V1NhMVl2cVhkMGJKUEE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiWXlhNnpGTFZUN0RxZGQvZy9qYXZlclJUQVUvamNIK3NrSEhlNEtPaFdwZERjYkZzRE5TeU9QdXpWZ1c3MUUyT0RDUE5VQzBYRmdKRkNyc1Q3TWVGZmVHODNVNUxBM2x2S3FYYzdMYmNKMWFKcFBJcUtLaWNJdnFabjVvRk9YSmkiLCJtYWMiOiI1NjgyMjhlMWI0M2U0MTY2YzcyYzMyMGM1YTE0Mzc3YzRhOTY4YjI0MThiOWUxYjdjYjM1Y2VjOWYwZDg1MmUzIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6Im5ReFZrQTN3V1NhMVl2cVhkMGJKUEE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiWXlhNnpGTFZUN0RxZGQvZy9qYXZlclJUQVUvamNIK3NrSEhlNEtPaFdwZERjYkZzRE5TeU9QdXp" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImFaSHkzSFdscnRqdVJQZGc4NXdYUlE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiVUJOSlFQbXpyMVBXVWRoeWNSL2FQOTV4Vm41SlR0RkRoMUVFczYxMmNCU0d1VUQ2U3o3ekUyNDRsRHU5VUdtZU1ENUpybzJmUFkyQW5DNFZtVGwrMHFWd1pHZkMwRlM2cVVuOFE2TWd6M3hqYUxxY3FrblZzbTdPQjRQeFhhbmQiLCJtYWMiOiI0YzQ2ZTgyZmQ5MGY0NmNmYzg3MzIyNmZkNWQzMDI2MjZjYTQwNmZjODFhYmU0YTliMjE5MTE1ZTVhYmFkNTEwIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 20-Feb-2025 11:20:14 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImFaSHkzSFdscnRqdVJQZGc4NXdYUlE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiVUJOSlFQbXpyMVBXVWRoeWNSL2FQOTV4Vm41SlR0RkRoMUVFczYxMmNCU0d1VUQ2U3o3ekUyNDRsRHU5VUdtZU1ENUpyb" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6Im5ReFZrQTN3V1NhMVl2cVhkMGJKUEE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiWXlhNnpGTFZUN0RxZGQvZy9qYXZlclJUQVUvamNIK3NrSEhlNEtPaFdwZERjYkZzRE5TeU9QdXpWZ1c3MUUyT0RDUE5VQzBYRmdKRkNyc1Q3TWVGZmVHODNVNUxBM2x2S3FYYzdMYmNKMWFKcFBJcUtLaWNJdnFabjVvRk9YSmkiLCJtYWMiOiI1NjgyMjhlMWI0M2U0MTY2YzcyYzMyMGM1YTE0Mzc3YzRhOTY4YjI0MThiOWUxYjdjYjM1Y2VjOWYwZDg1MmUzIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6Im5ReFZrQTN3V1NhMVl2cVhkMGJKUEE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiWXlhNnpGTFZUN0RxZGQvZy9qYXZlclJUQVUvamNIK3NrSEhlNEtPaFdwZERjYkZzRE5TeU9QdXp" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "SpKCFjRKVAXjl2TUIPoDA3T7zmiR5K69kBOWy6je" "uc_cart_id" => "4ad0b4ff160587723d4c8dc8256eb151" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/7186" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-17 23:20:14GET/chapter/71861121910