Immune Response to Parasitic Infections

Volume: 2

The Impact of Helminths on the Human Microbiota: Therapeutic Correction of Disturbed Gut Microbial Immunity

Author(s): Thea Magrone, Emilio Jirillo and Giuseppe Miragliotta

Pp: 235-254 (20)

DOI: 10.2174/9781608059850114020013

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

Intestinal microbiota is in strict relationship with gut immune cells and a good balance between both components is able to guarantee a condition of healthy status in the host. Helminths tend to alter the host immune system via release of anti-inflammatory cytokines and, in particular, interleukin (IL)-10. IL-10 release by FoxP3+ T regulatory (Treg) cells, in turn, down-regulates T helper (h)2 cells, which instead protects the host against helminths. At the same time, helminths are able to interact with intestinal microbiota, thus leading to either harmful or protective effects. Therapeutically, polyphenols have been shown to modulate gut microbiota, also interfering with helminth development. In this context, our studies using polyphenols from red wine and fermented grape marc have shown antiinflammatory activities exerted by these compounds, even including expansion and activation of Treg cells. Since evidence has been provided that Treg cell activation with production of IL-10 can attenuate immunopathology in the later phase of helminth infections, dietary polyphenols may be beneficial in the chronic stage of parasitoses.


Keywords: Antigen presenting cells, bacteria, basophils, cytokines, dendritic cells, eosinophils, helminths, interferon, interleukins, immunopathology, lipopolysaccharides, macrophages, microbiota, monocytes, neutrophils, polymorphonuclear cells, polyphenols, T helper cells, T regulatory cells, Toll like receptors.

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      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
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      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1465
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
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      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1478
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1518
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59134794 and j.to_ip >=59134794 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739834439 and j.to_date >= 1739834439 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 6857) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59134794 and j.to_ip >=59134794 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739834439 and j.to_date >= 1739834439 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 6857) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59134794 and j.to_ip >=59134794 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739834439 and j.to_date >= 1739834439 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 6857)
      600μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 1543 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1739834439 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1739834439 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.09msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 1543
      • 3: 1739834439
      • 4: 1739834439
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='3a282c8a5de5dabbb0bb353a67b6adf0'
      230μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    20Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        XC87rDKCYoPItlHgkfT4lJUDl23yYWwFw9Ue05Hx
        uc_cart_id
        3a282c8a5de5dabbb0bb353a67b6adf0
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/6857" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/6857
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:17 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "cookie" => array:1 [ 0 => "wayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6IjliNzFKdFcyMG5aT2VFanRpTDdZSXc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoicktleHllcDZJNWRnckZlZnltUk9vcmdWSHVycXJmYXQ2OWFlTUE1SGtMQnBpVVAwVzRPWVI3R2QvSVFTQU1NVyIsIm1hYyI6IjEyY2E1MmZkODJhZGQ4MWFlODhhYzY0ZDBmNzUzOGYwZTk3YWQ4MzRhODM1YmI0ODczMjcxMjdlZGUxNjY4ZWQiLCJ0YWciOiIifQ%3D%3D; XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IkJKemQrRDd0bCtkUEdvMENFTmFpWXc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoieGZNTnBHb3FackZMc29VSE5TZ0l6SGM0YzNDNGdwNW9aTWtoM1RzSExRcjFrWERsaXlrckYzVVU3RTRUdUwvelIzK254VGxld0oxWmdRZFBMRG16Z3ErdVpDNFk2UmFQWU4wOUJQNVNsQnRVQ2lHWVczSStLVzM3MHVqVnFCb0kiLCJtYWMiOiI0MjYwOWRkMzQ0MTU0Y2M2NTRkYTU1YWZhZDMxODI5OTRjNTAwZjBmYmEyYjIxMGJlOGVhMWIyM2Q1Yzg0NmVmIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IkJ2TFcxN2g2VFNoR2R4TTk1dk9FUVE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiSk9SYjl3MmVqR1htb2dSRHV4SkY5bTEydFFacE81aG4xQ280OWU1MWd3RDNsZTZROU4wZVptaGZ5dmh2dmpLcnNoZFdsTnNOc1E3a0RFMzZiYkRmRHkrK3pvSnA4WFc1VERUWFRwWlpra012TklhaFJVM3V0NEVOejFLM2pUT1AiLCJtYWMiOiIyNTBlZDY5OWVmMGMyZjczNjNiZWEwMmNlYzAzMTlmMTIyMzIyOWNmZjNiODY3NzA5ZGE1MjZmMWMwM2M0YzY4IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3Dwayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6IjliNzFKdFcyMG5aT2VFanRpTDdZSXc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoicktleHllcDZJNWRnckZlZnltUk9vcmdWSHVycXJmYXQ2OWFlTUE1SGtMQnBpVVAwVzRPWVI3R2QvSVFTQU1NVyIs" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        0 of 0
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        response_headers
        0 of 0
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        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "XC87rDKCYoPItlHgkfT4lJUDl23yYWwFw9Ue05Hx" "uc_cart_id" => "3a282c8a5de5dabbb0bb353a67b6adf0" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/6857" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-17 23:20:39GET/chapter/68571121922