Immune Response to Parasitic Infections

Volume: 2

Mechanisms of Immune Modulation by Fasciola Hepatica: The Impact of Innate Immune Cells on the Developing Adaptive Immune Response

Author(s): Sandra M. O’Neill and Sheila Donnelly

Pp: 51-67 (17)

DOI: 10.2174/9781608059850114020006

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

Fasciola (F.) hepatica lives for prolonged periods within its host due to its ability to modulate host immune responses. Unlike other helminths, within hours postinfection it drives antigen specific Th2/Treg responses. This polarisation of the host immune response continues throughout all developmental stages within the definitive host. Central to the parasite’s ability to produce such an immune outcome is the secretion of a plethora of molecules that interact with innate immune cells impairing their ability to promote Th1/Th17 responses. This firmly establishes F. hepatica as an important model to examine the anti-inflammatory properties of helminths. In this chapter, we specifically examine the communication between the secreted and shed molecules from F. hepatica and dendritic cells, macrophages and mast cells. In particular, we aim to highlight the impact that this interaction has on the development of Th1/Th17 immune responses. This chapter examines the diverse range of F. hepatica molecules that utilise different immune mechanisms to achieve the same overall outcome, thus ensuring redundancy in the development of Th2/Treg immune responses associated with F. hepatica infection.


Keywords: Fasciola hepatica, Th1, Th2, Treg, dendritic cells, macrophages, mast cells, IL-4, IL-10, IL-5, excretory-secretory molecules, tegumental antigens, cathepsin L, peroxredoxin, human defence molecule, sigma Class Glutathione transferase, immune modulatory molecules.

Related Journals
Related Books
© 2025 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy
Request history8.2.27PHP Version182msRequest Duration26MBMemory UsageGET chapter/{id}/{param?}Route
  • warninglog[23:20:19] LOG.warning: Optional parameter $id declared before required parameter $request is implic...
  • Booting (102ms)time
  • Application (80.57ms)time
  • 1 x Booting (55.76%)
    102ms
    1 x Application (44.23%)
    80.57ms
    12 templates were rendered
    • ebook.chapter_detailschapter_details.blade.php#?blade
    • layouts.chapter_header_sectionchapter_header_section.blade.php#?blade
    • ebook.chapter_top_bannerchapter_top_banner.blade.php#?blade
    • ebook.chapter_bottom_bannerchapter_bottom_banner.blade.php#?blade
    • ebook.ebook_right_bannerebook_right_banner.blade.php#?blade
    • includes.inc_related_journalsinc_related_journals.blade.php#?blade
    • includes.inc_related_ebooksinc_related_ebooks.blade.php#?blade
    • layouts.appapp.blade.php#?blade
    • layouts._login_access_login_access.blade.php#?blade
    • layouts._header_header.blade.php#?blade
    • layouts._main_menu_main_menu.blade.php#?blade
    • layouts._footer_menu_footer_menu.blade.php#?blade
    uri
    GET chapter/{id}/{param?}
    middleware
    web, check_user_access
    controller
    App\Http\Controllers\ChapterController@GetChapterDetails
    namespace
    App\Http\Controllers
    where
    as
    chapter
    file
    app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1350-1704
    19 statements were executed26.7ms
    • Connection Establishedalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccessCheck.php#24
      Backtrace
      • 9. middleware::check_user_access:24
      • 10. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
      • 11. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Middleware/SubstituteBindings.php:50
      • 12. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Foundation/Http/Middleware/VerifyCsrfToken.php:88
    • INSERT INTO visitor_ip_address (ip_address,visitor_agent,visitor_count, created_on,updated_on) VALUES ('309679543','',1,1739834419,1739834419) ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE visitor_count=visitor_count + 1, updated_on=1739834419
      990μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccessCheck.php#24
      Backtrace
      • 11. middleware::check_user_access:24
      • 12. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Middleware/SubstituteBindings.php:50
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Foundation/Http/Middleware/VerifyCsrfToken.php:88
    • INSERT INTO visitor_ip_address_detail (ip_address,visitor_url,visitor_count, created_on,updated_on) VALUES ('309679543','/chapter/6850',1,1739834419,1739834419)
      150μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccessCheck.php#27
      Backtrace
      • 11. middleware::check_user_access:27
      • 12. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Middleware/SubstituteBindings.php:50
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Foundation/Http/Middleware/VerifyCsrfToken.php:88
    • (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_journal_volume_trail WHERE to_ip >= 309679543 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 309679543) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_journal_volume_corporate WHERE to_ip >= 309679543 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 309679543) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_journal_volume_token WHERE to_ip >= 309679543 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 309679543) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_ebook_volume_trail WHERE to_ip >= 309679543 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 309679543) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_ebook_volume_corporate WHERE to_ip >= 309679543 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 309679543) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_ebook_volume_token WHERE to_ip >= 309679543 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 309679543) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_issue_trail WHERE to_ip >= 309679543 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 309679543) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_issue_corporate WHERE to_ip >= 309679543 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 309679543) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_issue_token WHERE to_ip >= 309679543 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 309679543) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_article_trail WHERE to_ip >= 309679543 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 309679543) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_article_corporate WHERE to_ip >= 309679543 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 309679543) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_article_token WHERE to_ip >= 309679543 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 309679543) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_chapter_trail WHERE to_ip >= 309679543 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 309679543) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_chapter_corporate WHERE to_ip >= 309679543 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 309679543) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_chapter_token WHERE to_ip >= 309679543 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 309679543) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_disease_corporate WHERE to_ip >= 309679543 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 309679543) limit 1
      15.59msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#784
      Bindings
      • 0: 309679543
      • 1: 309679543
      • 2: 309679543
      • 3: 309679543
      • 4: 309679543
      • 5: 309679543
      • 6: 309679543
      • 7: 309679543
      • 8: 309679543
      • 9: 309679543
      • 10: 309679543
      • 11: 309679543
      • 12: 309679543
      • 13: 309679543
      • 14: 309679543
      • 15: 309679543
      Backtrace
      • 14. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:784
      • 15. middleware::check_user_access:114
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Middleware/SubstituteBindings.php:50
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
    • select * from `chapter` where `chapter_id` = '6850' limit 1
      280μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022ChapterController.php#1406
      Bindings
      • 0: 6850
      Backtrace
      • 16. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1406
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:206
    • select CONCAT_WS(' ',au.first_name, ' ', ifnull(au.initials,''), ' ', au.last_name) as authors, CONCAT(au.last_name, IFNULL(CONCAT(' ', au.initials), ''), ' ', au.first_name) AS authorsRIS, CONCAT_WS(' ',au.last_name, ' ', ifnull(au.initials,''), ' ', au.first_name) as authorsCiteAs, CONCAT_WS(' ',au.first_name, IFNULL(CONCAT(' ', au.initials), ''), IFNULL(CONCAT(' ', au.last_name), '')) as authorsmodal , `au`.*, `af`.`ror_id`, `af`.`institution`, `af`.`department`, `af`.`country`, `af`.`city`, `af`.`address`, (GROUP_CONCAT(TRIM(BOTH ', ' FROM CONCAT(ifnull(concat(af.institution,','),''), ifnull(concat(af.department,','),''), ifnull(concat(af.address,','),''), ifnull(concat(af.city,','),''), ifnull(concat(af.country,','),''), ifnull(concat(af.postal_code,','),''), ifnull(concat(af.phone,','),''), ifnull(concat(af.fax,','),''))) SEPARATOR '|')) as `author_affiliation`, (GROUP_CONCAT(TRIM(BOTH ', ' FROM CONCAT(ifnull(concat(af.web_view,','),''))) SEPARATOR '|')) as `web_view` from `author` as `au` left join `author_affiliation` as `af` on `au`.`author_id` = `af`.`author_id` where `au`.`chapter_id` = '6850' group by `au`.`author_id` order by `au`.`article_id` asc, `au`.`sequence` asc
      1.42msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Author.php#86
      Bindings
      • 0: 6850
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Author.php:86
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1411
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select * from `keywords` where `chapter_id` = '6850'
      280μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022ChapterController.php#1415
      Bindings
      • 0: 6850
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1415
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:206
    • select * from `ebook` where `ebook_id` = 198 limit 1
      260μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022ChapterController.php#1430
      Bindings
      • 0: 198
      Backtrace
      • 16. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1430
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:206
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `subject_ebook` as `se` inner join `ebook` as `e` on `e`.`ebook_id` = `se`.`ebook_id` inner join `ebook_volume` as `v` on `v`.`ebook_id` = `e`.`ebook_id` where subject_id IN (select subject_id FROM subject_ebook WHERE ebook_id=198) and se.ebook_id!=198 and v.ebook_status='1'
      2.6msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Subject.php#238
      Backtrace
      • 16. app/Models/Subject.php:238
      • 17. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1434
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select distinct v.nid as volume_id,e.nid,e.title,v.issn,v.eissn,v.isbn,v.eisbn,e.ebook_id, v.image_file_name,v.file_path,v.flyer_link,v.ebook_volume_id, v.volume_name,v.doi,v.year_id,v.introduction from `subject_ebook` as `se` inner join `ebook` as `e` on `e`.`ebook_id` = `se`.`ebook_id` inner join `ebook_volume` as `v` on `v`.`ebook_id` = `e`.`ebook_id` where subject_id IN (select subject_id FROM subject_ebook WHERE ebook_id=198) and se.ebook_id!=198 and v.ebook_status='1' limit 10 offset 0
      670μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Subject.php#238
      Backtrace
      • 14. app/Models/Subject.php:238
      • 15. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1434
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `subject_journal` as `sj` inner join `journal` as `j` on `j`.`journal_id` = `sj`.`journal_id` where subject_id IN (select subject_id FROM subject_ebook WHERE ebook_id=198)
      420μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Subject.php#255
      Backtrace
      • 16. app/Models/Subject.php:255
      • 17. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1435
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select distinct j.nid as journal_nid,j.title,j.subtitle,j.issn,j.eissn,j.keyword,sj.journal_id,j.image_file_name,j.flyer_link from `subject_journal` as `sj` inner join `journal` as `j` on `j`.`journal_id` = `sj`.`journal_id` where subject_id IN (select subject_id FROM subject_ebook WHERE ebook_id=198) limit 10 offset 0
      400μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Subject.php#255
      Backtrace
      • 14. app/Models/Subject.php:255
      • 15. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1435
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select `e`.*, `a`.*, `y`.`year`, `e`.`ebook_volume_id` as `ebook_volume_id`, `a`.`ebook_volume_id` as `ebk_vol_id`, `e`.`ebook_id` as `ebk_ebook_id` from `ebook_volume` as `e` left join `author` as `a` on `e`.`ebook_volume_id` = `a`.`ebook_volume_id` left join `year` as `y` on `y`.`id` = `e`.`year_id` where `e`.`ebook_volume_id` = 1543 and `e`.`is_uploaded` = 1
      460μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022EbookVolume.php#271
      Bindings
      • 0: 1543
      • 1: 1
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/EbookVolume.php:271
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1438
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select count(*) rcd from `ebook_volume` where `ebook_id` = 198 and ebook_volume_id <> 1543 limit 1
      240μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022EbookVolume.php#999
      Bindings
      • 0: 198
      Backtrace
      • 14. app/Models/EbookVolume.php:999
      • 15. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1462
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select count(*) as total_count, content_type_access_id as access_type from ebook_access where content_type_id = '6850' and content_type = 'c' and ( (from_date <= CURDATE() and to_date >= CURDATE() and perpetual= 0) or (from_date is null and to_date is null and perpetual= 1) )
      280μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022ContentAccess.php#647
      Backtrace
      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1465
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select count(*) as total_count, content_type_access_id as access_type from ebook_access where content_type_id = '1543' and content_type = 'v' and ( (from_date <= CURDATE() and to_date >= CURDATE() and perpetual= 0) or (from_date is null and to_date is null and perpetual= 1) )
      240μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022ContentAccess.php#647
      Backtrace
      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1478
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"ebook_volume" as access_level,"" as chapter_id from `user_access_ebook_volume_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 309679543 and j.to_ip >=309679543 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739834420 and j.to_date >= 1739834420 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.volume_id = 1543) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"ebook_volume" as access_level,"" as chapter_id from `user_access_ebook_volume_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 309679543 and j.to_ip >=309679543 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739834420 and j.to_date >= 1739834420 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.volume_id = 1543) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"ebook_volume" as access_level,"" as chapter_id from `user_access_ebook_volume_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 309679543 and j.to_ip >=309679543 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739834420 and j.to_date >= 1739834420 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.volume_id = 1543)
      570μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1518
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 309679543 and j.to_ip >=309679543 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739834420 and j.to_date >= 1739834420 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 6850) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 309679543 and j.to_ip >=309679543 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739834420 and j.to_date >= 1739834420 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 6850) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 309679543 and j.to_ip >=309679543 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739834420 and j.to_date >= 1739834420 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 6850)
      600μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 1543 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1739834420 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1739834420 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.05msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 1543
      • 3: 1739834420
      • 4: 1739834420
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='e1cf2fea87ca6c600f6ed7315a81745c'
      200μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    17Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        OO2TkJBLGJi8hYAtNVitpLjmXIHAK127mjrPQ01b
        uc_cart_id
        e1cf2fea87ca6c600f6ed7315a81745c
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/6850" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/6850
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:17 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "cookie" => array:1 [ 0 => "wayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6IkhPS3ZzaU43S1BwbjRMTHN5aytOVkE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoicDBCSVVreXVmOC9EWThiQWoyTm5IcFNyb0k1bFZPSHJSdVM2SlJyV2Ywdz0iLCJtYWMiOiI3YmI1MDFmNGFlMTc1MmYxNWJlNTIwZTFmYmQ3NDk4MzFhZjg0M2VkYTI2NDVhYjFlNzMxNGQ3NTA1MDEwNWNiIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Ilk2cWNpT24wZzk5bmE0T1ViYlJpcmc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiWFBWZWlSdHQ4Rm00UHM5aG5TT01iVFFwL1l2L1R2WE5ZL0UvQkFPNmd0QlJENVdFUmErQ2creVE3aEVSUllsdFdFZmkwRy9SV3hud2MvQ0tTWFdweUIwUU9iUVZnQnRnK0ZmS2hXd0w0MW9UTWJ6RTBIZXgrNExhc2NYdTFvR3EiLCJtYWMiOiIxOTFlYTcwODgzNzY1Y2YzMDhhMDdjM2U0ZmM1ZjhjNTExYWQ1NDgwZjg4N2E2MjFhOTE5N2FmMWE0NTk4ZDQ4IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6Im9zaC9vOGthRUs0STFLQTdjUlJDS0E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiVTM0RStXUjJRb0tWcTVaVzNFZWdUQ0pYQkhkdnFGODJxRUpyaWUzZnZKMTdRVFIvRWpReDBROFJIdmYwQVVMd3kzR1pIOFVTL1JzcEV3MVB6aGNxWXpYMlh1empVTzRaTzVyeXVCS0NOc2MwVnp5bkhIT2c5OEhxRWNrdHpRbWwiLCJtYWMiOiI1MzY2NjI1ZGMxZWQ2MzdmNzQyMDM2ZDg0ZmNiYmFkZGZiNTlmOGU2YWUwOGVkNzdiNDIxNDRlZWVmYmFkNmUxIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3Dwayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6IkhPS3ZzaU43S1BwbjRMTHN5aytOVkE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoicDBCSVVreXVmOC9EWThiQWoyTm5IcFNyb0k1bFZPSHJSdVM2SlJyV2Ywdz0iLCJtYWMiOiI3YmI1MDFmNGFlMTc1" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        0 of 0
        array:3 [ "wayfindertarget" => null "XSRF-TOKEN" => "OO2TkJBLGJi8hYAtNVitpLjmXIHAK127mjrPQ01b" "alphaeurekaselectnet_session" => "00MzyoHTYRXl642sYzLyEFCh3wsWLENb5XzKxBwR" ]
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mon, 17 Feb 2025 23:20:20 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Im9GSm9qV2UxWWFRQTlXRXVyb0xCckE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiKzM5V0xjWXBOb3AyQmpYS0tMcmh3RW85VDNjaytwa1hCYVF1M0owLzQ1TW5YMTBIVDZvcTdyZG10bS96eVV0OHBaMHo0eDYwUm9Sd3FVeVZhZnMrcjczS0pmWjczODhscnF0V1hTVWczcVp4QTlpb0VkY0orMWRyV1lGRXBSZ1UiLCJtYWMiOiI1MGJhMDExNjI0MTBlZmUxOTI1YjUwYTQ5MzRmNTE3NTBhMGJhOWY3ZWIxNDkzYzI5NDFiMWQ2OWU2ZGFiM2RjIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 20 Feb 2025 11:20:20 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Im9GSm9qV2UxWWFRQTlXRXVyb0xCckE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiKzM5V0xjWXBOb3AyQmpYS0tMcmh3RW85VDNjaytwa1hCYVF1M0owLzQ1TW5YMTBIVDZvcTdyZG10bS96eVV0OHBaMHo0e" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IjRnaVI5SEhYUk0ydm1SRjU4ZU9jQnc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoibHRWcXhUNUMwN21pWFhrOG5GV1VKSkE2Y0Q2a0RuMGUzbE55ZDdxdkVJL0hRbW1VYy9BWm5ybUJKai8vaEt1d0lmWXFDaEpHaGJPQ2xIWUhOSm0wRlJ5cWFiSTRWOWtPazh6cTRjZlRUZ1J3d1dJMFc3SGgrRVZ1QzFQL0tEZ2QiLCJtYWMiOiJmZDhmYmQwZTM1MDliNmU2NmUwNDA4YTZlNTBjMWFjNGE3OGMzNzJkYjRmODI5ODYxNjE4MTEzOWJkYWJkYzc2IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IjRnaVI5SEhYUk0ydm1SRjU4ZU9jQnc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoibHRWcXhUNUMwN21pWFhrOG5GV1VKSkE2Y0Q2a0RuMGUzbE55ZDdxdkVJL0hRbW1VYy9BWm5ybUJ" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Im9GSm9qV2UxWWFRQTlXRXVyb0xCckE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiKzM5V0xjWXBOb3AyQmpYS0tMcmh3RW85VDNjaytwa1hCYVF1M0owLzQ1TW5YMTBIVDZvcTdyZG10bS96eVV0OHBaMHo0eDYwUm9Sd3FVeVZhZnMrcjczS0pmWjczODhscnF0V1hTVWczcVp4QTlpb0VkY0orMWRyV1lGRXBSZ1UiLCJtYWMiOiI1MGJhMDExNjI0MTBlZmUxOTI1YjUwYTQ5MzRmNTE3NTBhMGJhOWY3ZWIxNDkzYzI5NDFiMWQ2OWU2ZGFiM2RjIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 20-Feb-2025 11:20:20 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Im9GSm9qV2UxWWFRQTlXRXVyb0xCckE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiKzM5V0xjWXBOb3AyQmpYS0tMcmh3RW85VDNjaytwa1hCYVF1M0owLzQ1TW5YMTBIVDZvcTdyZG10bS96eVV0OHBaMHo0e" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IjRnaVI5SEhYUk0ydm1SRjU4ZU9jQnc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoibHRWcXhUNUMwN21pWFhrOG5GV1VKSkE2Y0Q2a0RuMGUzbE55ZDdxdkVJL0hRbW1VYy9BWm5ybUJKai8vaEt1d0lmWXFDaEpHaGJPQ2xIWUhOSm0wRlJ5cWFiSTRWOWtPazh6cTRjZlRUZ1J3d1dJMFc3SGgrRVZ1QzFQL0tEZ2QiLCJtYWMiOiJmZDhmYmQwZTM1MDliNmU2NmUwNDA4YTZlNTBjMWFjNGE3OGMzNzJkYjRmODI5ODYxNjE4MTEzOWJkYWJkYzc2IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IjRnaVI5SEhYUk0ydm1SRjU4ZU9jQnc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoibHRWcXhUNUMwN21pWFhrOG5GV1VKSkE2Y0Q2a0RuMGUzbE55ZDdxdkVJL0hRbW1VYy9BWm5ybUJ" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "OO2TkJBLGJi8hYAtNVitpLjmXIHAK127mjrPQ01b" "uc_cart_id" => "e1cf2fea87ca6c600f6ed7315a81745c" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/6850" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-17 23:20:20GET/chapter/68501121919