Immune Response to Parasitic Infections

Volume: 2

Neuroendocrine Control of the Immune Response During Helminth Infections

Author(s): Karen Nava-Castro, Julieta Ivone Castro, Elizabeth Langley and Jorge Morales-Montor

Pp: 3-26 (24)

DOI: 10.2174/9781608059850114020004

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

The physiological interactions during the course of the immune response to helminths are complex. As our understanding of the neuroendocrine system grows, it has become increasingly clear that this complex network of neurotransmitters, hormones, and cytokines plays an important role in mediating immunity. Helminths present an especially complex relationship between parasites and their physiological systems, with neuro and hormone dependent host factors such as sex, age, and physiological status that correlate with parasite success. On top of the effect that this particular type of parasite may have on the invaded host, recent experimental evidence suggests that helminth parasites not only actively evade immune response, but are also able to exploit the hormonal microenvironment within their host to favor their establishment, growth and reproduction. Additionally, the close interaction of the worm with the host’s homeostatic systems, the molecules produced by them, and the activation of immune mediated mechanisms to eliminate it, activate a complex neuroendocrine network, that produces strong behavioral changes in the infected host. Understanding how the host neuroendocrine system can, under certain circumstances, favor the establishment of a parasitic infection, opens interesting perspectives into the host parasite relationship. This chapter focuses on the hostparasite neuroendocrine network activated by parasitic worm infections.


Keywords: Helminthes, immunoendocrine, neuroimmune, neuroimmunoendocrine, network, parasite infections, neurotransmitters, cytokines, sex steroids, behaviors, parasites, immune response, hormones, modulation, Th1, Th2, Th17, immunoregulation.

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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
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      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59772390 and j.to_ip >=59772390 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739834838 and j.to_date >= 1739834838 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 6848) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59772390 and j.to_ip >=59772390 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739834838 and j.to_date >= 1739834838 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 6848) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59772390 and j.to_ip >=59772390 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739834838 and j.to_date >= 1739834838 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 6848)
      530μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 1543 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1739834838 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1739834838 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.04msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 1543
      • 3: 1739834838
      • 4: 1739834838
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='160d810a7830d816d0d59c55a7bf8efe'
      220μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    18Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        UKM0OC8tswa1dogVMTDexbTMwN801FwCGwQfy7Cx
        uc_cart_id
        160d810a7830d816d0d59c55a7bf8efe
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/6848" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/6848
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
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        request_cookies
        0 of 0
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        response_headers
        0 of 0
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        session_attributes
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        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-17 23:27:18GET/chapter/68481121920