Advances in Alzheimer's Research

Volume: 2

Cholesterol in Alzheimer’s Disease: Unresolved Questions

Author(s): Massimo Stefani and Gianfranco Liguri

Pp: 58-99 (42)

DOI: 10.2174/9781608058525114020005

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

The role of cholesterol as a susceptibility factor or a protective agent in neurodegeneration and, more generally, in amyloid-induced cytotoxicity is still controversial. Epidemiological studies on the hypercholesterolemia-AD risk relation and some reports indicating a beneficial effect of statin therapy suggest cholesterol as a susceptibility factor in AD. The ApoE4 genotype as a prevalent genetic risk factor for AD and the function of ApoE as main cholesterol carrier in the brain also underlie a close cholesterol load-AD risk relation. Finally, cell biology evidences support a critical involvement of lipid raft cholesterol in the modulation of β- and γ-cleavage of APP with altered Aβ production.

However, little exchange does exist between circulating and brain cholesterol, the latter arising from endogenous synthesis. In addition, increasing evidence supports the idea that amyloid cytotoxicity in most cases is initiated by oligomer recruitment at the cell membrane with oligomer nucleation, loss of membrane integrity, Ca2+ ingress into the cell, oxidative stress and apoptosis. In such a scenario, increased membrane cholesterol seems to be protective by disfavouring aggregate binding to the membrane. Recent findings also point at a key role performed by lipid rafts and their proteins and indicate that a reduction of cellular cholesterol favours co-localization of BACE1 and APP in non-raft membrane domains and hinders generation of plasmin, an Aβ-degrading enzyme. Finally, recent researches on Seladin-1, involved in cholesterol biosynthesis, show that modulation of membrane cholesterol affects Aβ generation and cell resistance against Aβ oligomer toxicity. These data confirm previous findings indicating a reduction of the cholesterol/phospholipid ratio in aged and AD brains.

The aim of this review is to critically discuss some of the main results reported in the recent years in this field supporting a role of cholesterol either as a susceptibility factor or as a protective agent in AD.


Keywords: Alzheimer’s disease, Aβ peptides, APP, neurodegeneration, amyloid, cholesterol.

Related Journals
Related Books
© 2025 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy
Request history8.2.27PHP Version181msRequest Duration26MBMemory UsageGET chapter/{id}/{param?}Route
  • warninglog[23:30:12] LOG.warning: Optional parameter $id declared before required parameter $request is implic...
  • Booting (92.7ms)time
  • Application (88.14ms)time
  • 1 x Booting (51.26%)
    92.70ms
    1 x Application (48.74%)
    88.14ms
    12 templates were rendered
    • ebook.chapter_detailschapter_details.blade.php#?blade
    • layouts.chapter_header_sectionchapter_header_section.blade.php#?blade
    • ebook.chapter_top_bannerchapter_top_banner.blade.php#?blade
    • ebook.chapter_bottom_bannerchapter_bottom_banner.blade.php#?blade
    • ebook.ebook_right_bannerebook_right_banner.blade.php#?blade
    • includes.inc_related_journalsinc_related_journals.blade.php#?blade
    • includes.inc_related_ebooksinc_related_ebooks.blade.php#?blade
    • layouts.appapp.blade.php#?blade
    • layouts._login_access_login_access.blade.php#?blade
    • layouts._header_header.blade.php#?blade
    • layouts._main_menu_main_menu.blade.php#?blade
    • layouts._footer_menu_footer_menu.blade.php#?blade
    uri
    GET chapter/{id}/{param?}
    middleware
    web, check_user_access
    controller
    App\Http\Controllers\ChapterController@GetChapterDetails
    namespace
    App\Http\Controllers
    where
    as
    chapter
    file
    app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1350-1704
    19 statements were executed31.12ms
    • Connection Establishedalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccessCheck.php#24
      Backtrace
      • 9. middleware::check_user_access:24
      • 10. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
      • 11. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Middleware/SubstituteBindings.php:50
      • 12. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Foundation/Http/Middleware/VerifyCsrfToken.php:88
    • INSERT INTO visitor_ip_address (ip_address,visitor_agent,visitor_count, created_on,updated_on) VALUES ('314538714','',1,1739835012,1739835012) ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE visitor_count=visitor_count + 1, updated_on=1739835012
      950μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccessCheck.php#24
      Backtrace
      • 11. middleware::check_user_access:24
      • 12. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Middleware/SubstituteBindings.php:50
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Foundation/Http/Middleware/VerifyCsrfToken.php:88
    • INSERT INTO visitor_ip_address_detail (ip_address,visitor_url,visitor_count, created_on,updated_on) VALUES ('314538714','/chapter/6720',1,1739835012,1739835012)
      160μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccessCheck.php#27
      Backtrace
      • 11. middleware::check_user_access:27
      • 12. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Middleware/SubstituteBindings.php:50
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Foundation/Http/Middleware/VerifyCsrfToken.php:88
    • (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_journal_volume_trail WHERE to_ip >= 314538714 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 314538714) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_journal_volume_corporate WHERE to_ip >= 314538714 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 314538714) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_journal_volume_token WHERE to_ip >= 314538714 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 314538714) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_ebook_volume_trail WHERE to_ip >= 314538714 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 314538714) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_ebook_volume_corporate WHERE to_ip >= 314538714 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 314538714) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_ebook_volume_token WHERE to_ip >= 314538714 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 314538714) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_issue_trail WHERE to_ip >= 314538714 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 314538714) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_issue_corporate WHERE to_ip >= 314538714 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 314538714) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_issue_token WHERE to_ip >= 314538714 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 314538714) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_article_trail WHERE to_ip >= 314538714 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 314538714) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_article_corporate WHERE to_ip >= 314538714 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 314538714) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_article_token WHERE to_ip >= 314538714 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 314538714) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_chapter_trail WHERE to_ip >= 314538714 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 314538714) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_chapter_corporate WHERE to_ip >= 314538714 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 314538714) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_chapter_token WHERE to_ip >= 314538714 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 314538714) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_disease_corporate WHERE to_ip >= 314538714 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 314538714) limit 1
      19.4msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#784
      Bindings
      • 0: 314538714
      • 1: 314538714
      • 2: 314538714
      • 3: 314538714
      • 4: 314538714
      • 5: 314538714
      • 6: 314538714
      • 7: 314538714
      • 8: 314538714
      • 9: 314538714
      • 10: 314538714
      • 11: 314538714
      • 12: 314538714
      • 13: 314538714
      • 14: 314538714
      • 15: 314538714
      Backtrace
      • 14. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:784
      • 15. middleware::check_user_access:114
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Middleware/SubstituteBindings.php:50
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
    • select * from `chapter` where `chapter_id` = '6720' limit 1
      390μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022ChapterController.php#1406
      Bindings
      • 0: 6720
      Backtrace
      • 16. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1406
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:206
    • select CONCAT_WS(' ',au.first_name, ' ', ifnull(au.initials,''), ' ', au.last_name) as authors, CONCAT(au.last_name, IFNULL(CONCAT(' ', au.initials), ''), ' ', au.first_name) AS authorsRIS, CONCAT_WS(' ',au.last_name, ' ', ifnull(au.initials,''), ' ', au.first_name) as authorsCiteAs, CONCAT_WS(' ',au.first_name, IFNULL(CONCAT(' ', au.initials), ''), IFNULL(CONCAT(' ', au.last_name), '')) as authorsmodal , `au`.*, `af`.`ror_id`, `af`.`institution`, `af`.`department`, `af`.`country`, `af`.`city`, `af`.`address`, (GROUP_CONCAT(TRIM(BOTH ', ' FROM CONCAT(ifnull(concat(af.institution,','),''), ifnull(concat(af.department,','),''), ifnull(concat(af.address,','),''), ifnull(concat(af.city,','),''), ifnull(concat(af.country,','),''), ifnull(concat(af.postal_code,','),''), ifnull(concat(af.phone,','),''), ifnull(concat(af.fax,','),''))) SEPARATOR '|')) as `author_affiliation`, (GROUP_CONCAT(TRIM(BOTH ', ' FROM CONCAT(ifnull(concat(af.web_view,','),''))) SEPARATOR '|')) as `web_view` from `author` as `au` left join `author_affiliation` as `af` on `au`.`author_id` = `af`.`author_id` where `au`.`chapter_id` = '6720' group by `au`.`author_id` order by `au`.`article_id` asc, `au`.`sequence` asc
      860μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Author.php#86
      Bindings
      • 0: 6720
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Author.php:86
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1411
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select * from `keywords` where `chapter_id` = '6720'
      270μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022ChapterController.php#1415
      Bindings
      • 0: 6720
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1415
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:206
    • select * from `ebook` where `ebook_id` = 366 limit 1
      200μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022ChapterController.php#1430
      Bindings
      • 0: 366
      Backtrace
      • 16. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1430
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:206
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `subject_ebook` as `se` inner join `ebook` as `e` on `e`.`ebook_id` = `se`.`ebook_id` inner join `ebook_volume` as `v` on `v`.`ebook_id` = `e`.`ebook_id` where subject_id IN (select subject_id FROM subject_ebook WHERE ebook_id=366) and se.ebook_id!=366 and v.ebook_status='1'
      3.29msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Subject.php#238
      Backtrace
      • 16. app/Models/Subject.php:238
      • 17. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1434
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select distinct v.nid as volume_id,e.nid,e.title,v.issn,v.eissn,v.isbn,v.eisbn,e.ebook_id, v.image_file_name,v.file_path,v.flyer_link,v.ebook_volume_id, v.volume_name,v.doi,v.year_id,v.introduction from `subject_ebook` as `se` inner join `ebook` as `e` on `e`.`ebook_id` = `se`.`ebook_id` inner join `ebook_volume` as `v` on `v`.`ebook_id` = `e`.`ebook_id` where subject_id IN (select subject_id FROM subject_ebook WHERE ebook_id=366) and se.ebook_id!=366 and v.ebook_status='1' limit 10 offset 0
      850μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Subject.php#238
      Backtrace
      • 14. app/Models/Subject.php:238
      • 15. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1434
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `subject_journal` as `sj` inner join `journal` as `j` on `j`.`journal_id` = `sj`.`journal_id` where subject_id IN (select subject_id FROM subject_ebook WHERE ebook_id=366)
      410μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Subject.php#255
      Backtrace
      • 16. app/Models/Subject.php:255
      • 17. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1435
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select distinct j.nid as journal_nid,j.title,j.subtitle,j.issn,j.eissn,j.keyword,sj.journal_id,j.image_file_name,j.flyer_link from `subject_journal` as `sj` inner join `journal` as `j` on `j`.`journal_id` = `sj`.`journal_id` where subject_id IN (select subject_id FROM subject_ebook WHERE ebook_id=366) limit 10 offset 0
      520μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Subject.php#255
      Backtrace
      • 14. app/Models/Subject.php:255
      • 15. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1435
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select `e`.*, `a`.*, `y`.`year`, `e`.`ebook_volume_id` as `ebook_volume_id`, `a`.`ebook_volume_id` as `ebk_vol_id`, `e`.`ebook_id` as `ebk_ebook_id` from `ebook_volume` as `e` left join `author` as `a` on `e`.`ebook_volume_id` = `a`.`ebook_volume_id` left join `year` as `y` on `y`.`id` = `e`.`year_id` where `e`.`ebook_volume_id` = 1532 and `e`.`is_uploaded` = 1
      490μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022EbookVolume.php#271
      Bindings
      • 0: 1532
      • 1: 1
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/EbookVolume.php:271
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1438
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select count(*) rcd from `ebook_volume` where `ebook_id` = 366 and ebook_volume_id <> 1532 limit 1
      260μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022EbookVolume.php#999
      Bindings
      • 0: 366
      Backtrace
      • 14. app/Models/EbookVolume.php:999
      • 15. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1462
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select count(*) as total_count, content_type_access_id as access_type from ebook_access where content_type_id = '6720' and content_type = 'c' and ( (from_date <= CURDATE() and to_date >= CURDATE() and perpetual= 0) or (from_date is null and to_date is null and perpetual= 1) )
      280μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022ContentAccess.php#647
      Backtrace
      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1465
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select count(*) as total_count, content_type_access_id as access_type from ebook_access where content_type_id = '1532' and content_type = 'v' and ( (from_date <= CURDATE() and to_date >= CURDATE() and perpetual= 0) or (from_date is null and to_date is null and perpetual= 1) )
      230μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022ContentAccess.php#647
      Backtrace
      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1478
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"ebook_volume" as access_level,"" as chapter_id from `user_access_ebook_volume_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 314538714 and j.to_ip >=314538714 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739835012 and j.to_date >= 1739835012 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.volume_id = 1532) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"ebook_volume" as access_level,"" as chapter_id from `user_access_ebook_volume_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 314538714 and j.to_ip >=314538714 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739835012 and j.to_date >= 1739835012 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.volume_id = 1532) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"ebook_volume" as access_level,"" as chapter_id from `user_access_ebook_volume_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 314538714 and j.to_ip >=314538714 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739835012 and j.to_date >= 1739835012 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.volume_id = 1532)
      590μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1518
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 314538714 and j.to_ip >=314538714 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739835012 and j.to_date >= 1739835012 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 6720) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 314538714 and j.to_ip >=314538714 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739835012 and j.to_date >= 1739835012 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 6720) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 314538714 and j.to_ip >=314538714 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739835012 and j.to_date >= 1739835012 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 6720)
      620μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 1532 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1739835012 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1739835012 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.11msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 1532
      • 3: 1739835012
      • 4: 1739835012
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='0a55473dc63f225d42553c855524d857'
      240μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    6Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        u9EqMd4xgYmdlMdCAeFMWQMLttLpQmPn27EwbCcI
        uc_cart_id
        0a55473dc63f225d42553c855524d857
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/6720" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/6720
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:17 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "cookie" => array:1 [ 0 => "_ga_9F3B5VV3T3=GS1.1.1739835000.1.0.1739835000.60.0.0; _ga=GA1.1.1833779010.1739835000; fpestid=L9SJ_8XkCphGgWCQEM8qi0CMFHIr61sX1e_r6VDsk9A-ALkMYRtphyiGRz9kY3CD4QZ0Xg; wayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6IlBPQktZRjNkdktMRi9UeUtsc0h2c3c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoidGpBRzlhSlRjZ08rSGxNeDE4L2c4THI3QW05M0FhNHhQWjJiQ1oyRDQzeTd3NEs2SGlkNnE5VEF1YldVMnBISCIsIm1hYyI6IjlhNDYyOWJiMTNhY2JkNTQ5ZmVkNGVhZWU5MmE4N2Y0Y2Q2ZTc0NTFlYzU0MmYzNjVkNzVhNzNlZDk0OGZmMzkiLCJ0YWciOiIifQ%3D%3D; XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Im5pN0tTbmhPWFRrZEZ3am5nUVZRZ2c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiT0FadlVDVi83MXdYNGgyK0VTYnpNaTFPSDhRT0szTXcyZGZkSWs0M1BmVjYvYmtOZm5mM0JTeVN1VWg2VDU0ZHJpYkxyVUJlTll5MlFSaEJFNHp6MmFzdjkvNkJqbDNjK2NKb2Q2eUMzVlNCSXZsRE5nTU8yQXp1bjdKOEl4cFciLCJtYWMiOiIzZmY3NjBmZmI3YjRhOWFhMTllZWU4YTg2OTRiOTUxODBhMzI1NjYxNDJiZGE1ZWI1YjNiOWRjYWVkMTk2ZTBmIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6Im9VWG1yN1ZJOVJoc3RLazQvYXk4UGc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiNnNKSzdjRjhCdDBZQlBZU0JmcjhnZzZkdm9jSVc1alRnMlhza2ZLd1cxSDU2Sms0RjB2MXpaQVphZGpRUW9RUlgyd1ZkcHBQSTVrN293cHpEZXJBa1djblRkSkZ2cTVrT3RwQXFMWVBoZ3RaZk9DaU5qN0JjRlNaK1NtU3NhY0oiLCJtYWMiOiI5MDY2NzgxOTBlZWI2YWMwY2U3YmMwM2M3MjAzYmMzNzI1YjM3NWVkODNlYzMzNTIzNjU5ZjNkZTczZDU2OTczIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D_ga_9F3B5VV3T3=GS1.1.1739835000.1.0.1739835000.60.0.0; _ga=GA1.1.1833779010.1739835000; fpestid=L9SJ_8XkCphGgWCQEM8qi0CMFHIr61sX1e_r6VDsk9A-ALkMYRtphyiGRz9kY3CD" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        0 of 0
        array:6 [ "_ga_9F3B5VV3T3" => null "_ga" => null "fpestid" => null "wayfindertarget" => null "XSRF-TOKEN" => "u9EqMd4xgYmdlMdCAeFMWQMLttLpQmPn27EwbCcI" "alphaeurekaselectnet_session" => "VJtDhLRud3gLM7W6TPSzzHje6KWZNFxUKTJSJPGP" ]
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mon, 17 Feb 2025 23:30:12 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IkpaOW8zMlZWTGZWak9WTTNDZjBEUmc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoidTJTQ21QbnBWZE44R1E5S2ptK2lzQVFEQmRkUGQyL1pQRUJzc1NibmJJTGtGL0U5NXFZMDcydzJxTE9acHV5WmxCU3B1UTBPNCtZQ09LZjlsU2J4a2I4SW1XMEZwcEZKYkZETUovdEtlc3ZpaGEyMG9GanRSNHA1QXB3TThGeGciLCJtYWMiOiI0MmY4NzgxM2Q4Nzk3ZmU5MWM4YzAzMTgwZGNjYWZlOGJjZjRlNTIyZTI1YTIwMThlZGE2NzJkMDMzODU3ZWQ4IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 20 Feb 2025 11:30:12 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IkpaOW8zMlZWTGZWak9WTTNDZjBEUmc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoidTJTQ21QbnBWZE44R1E5S2ptK2lzQVFEQmRkUGQyL1pQRUJzc1NibmJJTGtGL0U5NXFZMDcydzJxTE9acHV5WmxCU3B1U" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6Im9kZ003VXJCeHZYYjdqNkNWTjdJaXc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZmFSR3FtQ2dhRHJPbFQ5V1IrdmsxWlYyTEhtVldOMGpFSVNSTTVMM0JvWC9hc2EzcHBmV1BLYzFScE1vR1l6cDJUdFdVMTN6cy9QVEx6RGFOL21hRkh1NDkrNG5IZWdjdElWcmtTNHpNajNZNk1YL0VCd3djOTFDWXFvRHdzdGUiLCJtYWMiOiJjOTlhMmI2Mjc5ODEyMDU0YTUxMWNjMmZkN2MwYzhlOWQzMDdlZWJjMjU5ZTc2NWM1MGE2NGE2MmVhZWQ1MGU5IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6Im9kZ003VXJCeHZYYjdqNkNWTjdJaXc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZmFSR3FtQ2dhRHJPbFQ5V1IrdmsxWlYyTEhtVldOMGpFSVNSTTVMM0JvWC9hc2EzcHBmV1BLYzF" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IkpaOW8zMlZWTGZWak9WTTNDZjBEUmc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoidTJTQ21QbnBWZE44R1E5S2ptK2lzQVFEQmRkUGQyL1pQRUJzc1NibmJJTGtGL0U5NXFZMDcydzJxTE9acHV5WmxCU3B1UTBPNCtZQ09LZjlsU2J4a2I4SW1XMEZwcEZKYkZETUovdEtlc3ZpaGEyMG9GanRSNHA1QXB3TThGeGciLCJtYWMiOiI0MmY4NzgxM2Q4Nzk3ZmU5MWM4YzAzMTgwZGNjYWZlOGJjZjRlNTIyZTI1YTIwMThlZGE2NzJkMDMzODU3ZWQ4IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 20-Feb-2025 11:30:12 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IkpaOW8zMlZWTGZWak9WTTNDZjBEUmc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoidTJTQ21QbnBWZE44R1E5S2ptK2lzQVFEQmRkUGQyL1pQRUJzc1NibmJJTGtGL0U5NXFZMDcydzJxTE9acHV5WmxCU3B1U" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6Im9kZ003VXJCeHZYYjdqNkNWTjdJaXc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZmFSR3FtQ2dhRHJPbFQ5V1IrdmsxWlYyTEhtVldOMGpFSVNSTTVMM0JvWC9hc2EzcHBmV1BLYzFScE1vR1l6cDJUdFdVMTN6cy9QVEx6RGFOL21hRkh1NDkrNG5IZWdjdElWcmtTNHpNajNZNk1YL0VCd3djOTFDWXFvRHdzdGUiLCJtYWMiOiJjOTlhMmI2Mjc5ODEyMDU0YTUxMWNjMmZkN2MwYzhlOWQzMDdlZWJjMjU5ZTc2NWM1MGE2NGE2MmVhZWQ1MGU5IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6Im9kZ003VXJCeHZYYjdqNkNWTjdJaXc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZmFSR3FtQ2dhRHJPbFQ5V1IrdmsxWlYyTEhtVldOMGpFSVNSTTVMM0JvWC9hc2EzcHBmV1BLYzF" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "u9EqMd4xgYmdlMdCAeFMWQMLttLpQmPn27EwbCcI" "uc_cart_id" => "0a55473dc63f225d42553c855524d857" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/6720" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-17 23:30:12GET/chapter/6720112198