Helicobacter Pylori: A Worldwide Perspective 2014

Current Methods Used for the Diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori Infection

Author(s): Francis Mégraud, Emilie Bessède and Philippe Lehours

Pp: 234-258 (25)

DOI: 10.2174/9781608057375114010014

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

A number of methods have been proposed to diagnose Helicobacter pylori infection. In this chapter, each method is presented and the critical aspects are highlighted. It is common practice to distinguish the methods which necessitate an endoscopy and obtention of biopsy specimens, the so-called invasive methods, from the methods which are performed on blood, stools, air, etc., the so-called non-invasive methods. Among the invasive methods, histology is probably the most commonly used worldwide, and has been recently completed by the use of the OLGA or OLGIM system to evaluate the gastric cancer risk. Culture is demanding for transport but there has been a renewed interest because of the increase in H. pylori antimicrobial resistance. The rapid urease test, while not as sensitive, has the great advantage of providing a quick result allowing to prescribe immediately a treatment. Molecular methods are developing, especially real-time PCR for which kits are now available, detecting H. pylori and its resistance to clarithromycin, and allowing standardization. An advantage of this method is the possibility to apply it to stools, rendering it non-invasive. However, at this stage, DNA extraction is still a problem. The best method to be used in such specimens is a stool antigen test using an ELISA with monoclonal antibodies. However, many still prefer the urea breath test which has become a standard in the field. Finally ELISA serological tests have also experienced a revival since they are the only tests to be used on patients taking proton pump inhibitors, nowadays a common situation.


Keywords: Histology, culture, rapid urease test, standard PCR, real-time PCR, urea breath test, stool antigen test, serology, ELISA, immunoblot, pepsinogen, sensitivity, specificity, OLGA, Helicobacter heilmannii.

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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1518
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 51137665 and j.to_ip >=51137665 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739835120 and j.to_date >= 1739835120 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 6139) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 51137665 and j.to_ip >=51137665 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739835120 and j.to_date >= 1739835120 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 6139) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 51137665 and j.to_ip >=51137665 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739835120 and j.to_date >= 1739835120 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 6139)
      530μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 1478 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1739835120 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1739835120 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.04msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 1478
      • 3: 1739835120
      • 4: 1739835120
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='679407a074cc605d1ace3cdcf3b3510e'
      210μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    15Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        eeI9S2fSSwR2AUZOfvCR7GrLL5hsrgdgpJzhEjiE
        uc_cart_id
        679407a074cc605d1ace3cdcf3b3510e
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/6139" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/6139
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
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        request_cookies
        0 of 0
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        response_headers
        0 of 0
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        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "eeI9S2fSSwR2AUZOfvCR7GrLL5hsrgdgpJzhEjiE" "uc_cart_id" => "679407a074cc605d1ace3cdcf3b3510e" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/6139" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-17 23:32:00GET/chapter/61391121917