Frontiers in Anti-Infective Drug Discovery

Volume: 2

Marine Red Algae as Source of Bioactive Therapeutic Molecules with Activity Against Viral Infection

Author(s): Silvia Novío, María Jesús Núñez and Manuel Freire-Garabal

Pp: 3-85 (83)

DOI: 10.2174/9781608058600114020003

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

This chapter is an updated review of the literature published since 1980s about compounds with antiviral properties isolated from red seaweed (Rhodophyta). It integrates findings from molecular, experimental and cellular researches to show an overview of potential antiviral agents derived from Rhodophyta and their promising application in viral therapy. Extracts of and/or compounds isolated from red seaweed, mainly polysaccharides, play a protective role against different viruses such as human immunodeficiency virus, herpes simplex virus, influenza virus, cytomegalovirus, and others. The main target of the antiviral action of these algal compounds is the initial binding of pathogens to the host cells.


Keywords: Agars, antiviral activity, carrageenans, extracts, galactans, mannans, marine, natural, polysaccharides, rhodophyta, viruses.

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      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1478
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1518
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 314383442 and j.to_ip >=314383442 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740344793 and j.to_date >= 1740344793 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 6120) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 314383442 and j.to_ip >=314383442 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740344793 and j.to_date >= 1740344793 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 6120) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 314383442 and j.to_ip >=314383442 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740344793 and j.to_date >= 1740344793 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 6120)
      650μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 1474 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1740344793 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1740344793 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.09msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 1474
      • 3: 1740344793
      • 4: 1740344793
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='c3fae0f6d65f75e18712d4dcb2efc90f'
      230μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    11Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        QDIPDokuR6JA1Vo0HPUftBvycFL5CWfbAJ6vF2N8
        uc_cart_id
        c3fae0f6d65f75e18712d4dcb2efc90f
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/6120" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/6120
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:17 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "cookie" => array:1 [ 0 => "wayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6Ilc1cDhrSkNMQlEydG5WWnZiNFM1OFE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiVENaMnVZS3U3L2R4WWs1Zm5IWlNyc29YV2VZMFN1TEN4N2FIRndQcmR1az0iLCJtYWMiOiJjOGJlYzA3MzllNDhlNjFiMWNhNzI2ODAzNmUxNWZjYjkyYTc4OGE1MWQ2ZmZiMTkzY2Y2YWMzZTFiYjI0NWVjIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3Dwayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6Ilc1cDhrSkNMQlEydG5WWnZiNFM1OFE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiVENaMnVZS3U3L2R4WWs1Zm5IWlNyc29YV2VZMFN1TEN4N2FIRndQcmR1az0iLCJtYWMiOiJjOGJlYzA3MzllNDhl" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        0 of 0
        array:1 [ "wayfindertarget" => null ]
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Sun, 23 Feb 2025 21:06:33 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImMzTUtOb3FiN3dtK3gvL1RrNkNTaGc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoieTlGWStHTXpkTXgzSEFPOFlYK0RSUHFmTVM0SVpOTWhmV093LzFvSzk2ZzFZRW5XNFJSUDhDQVFNNlpweU0xMkZhMnM0WTBIMzNRZkRVb3NZT1E2QlhhUFBTT0lrQUtHL2tBWGNiejNleHdwR3NFVFMrSk9DZTA2VXJRaXlRaG4iLCJtYWMiOiJiNDJlOTNjOWUwOTNlMzQ5YzQyM2ViMTFmNzA1ZmMwOGQ0OTYxMzE2MWE5ZTYzYWY2NjYyZjY1NGExMzIwMTJiIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Wed, 26 Feb 2025 09:06:33 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImMzTUtOb3FiN3dtK3gvL1RrNkNTaGc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoieTlGWStHTXpkTXgzSEFPOFlYK0RSUHFmTVM0SVpOTWhmV093LzFvSzk2ZzFZRW5XNFJSUDhDQVFNNlpweU0xMkZhMnM0W" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6InRFM2hlaGxqdWowNnRMSVZCVVdwSGc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZGpzWUdGOE9yT1FaZU1JQm42Uy9DK29adGZXV2tSODFSNmszekFqdTVvbEpGV2tjU0lxVzViMGJRdnVTZ2NEZ2FYRHJuYWFMWXhoZjNSTVhCczkrTTBBdW80WDROOFNXYnBBSmNMNEJPSDc4TUdUeVdlUmRiWjVBMU1IQ25oVlkiLCJtYWMiOiJlZmZmZjNhOTc4ZTBhODVmZGE0OGVlMDA4ZTE1Yjg4NWMxYmQ1MWU3YjUwNjQ0M2E5MDQ4NWFlZGM5NDg1NzVlIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6InRFM2hlaGxqdWowNnRMSVZCVVdwSGc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZGpzWUdGOE9yT1FaZU1JQm42Uy9DK29adGZXV2tSODFSNmszekFqdTVvbEpGV2tjU0lxVzViMGJ" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImMzTUtOb3FiN3dtK3gvL1RrNkNTaGc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoieTlGWStHTXpkTXgzSEFPOFlYK0RSUHFmTVM0SVpOTWhmV093LzFvSzk2ZzFZRW5XNFJSUDhDQVFNNlpweU0xMkZhMnM0WTBIMzNRZkRVb3NZT1E2QlhhUFBTT0lrQUtHL2tBWGNiejNleHdwR3NFVFMrSk9DZTA2VXJRaXlRaG4iLCJtYWMiOiJiNDJlOTNjOWUwOTNlMzQ5YzQyM2ViMTFmNzA1ZmMwOGQ0OTYxMzE2MWE5ZTYzYWY2NjYyZjY1NGExMzIwMTJiIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Wed, 26-Feb-2025 09:06:33 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImMzTUtOb3FiN3dtK3gvL1RrNkNTaGc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoieTlGWStHTXpkTXgzSEFPOFlYK0RSUHFmTVM0SVpOTWhmV093LzFvSzk2ZzFZRW5XNFJSUDhDQVFNNlpweU0xMkZhMnM0W" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6InRFM2hlaGxqdWowNnRMSVZCVVdwSGc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZGpzWUdGOE9yT1FaZU1JQm42Uy9DK29adGZXV2tSODFSNmszekFqdTVvbEpGV2tjU0lxVzViMGJRdnVTZ2NEZ2FYRHJuYWFMWXhoZjNSTVhCczkrTTBBdW80WDROOFNXYnBBSmNMNEJPSDc4TUdUeVdlUmRiWjVBMU1IQ25oVlkiLCJtYWMiOiJlZmZmZjNhOTc4ZTBhODVmZGE0OGVlMDA4ZTE1Yjg4NWMxYmQ1MWU3YjUwNjQ0M2E5MDQ4NWFlZGM5NDg1NzVlIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6InRFM2hlaGxqdWowNnRMSVZCVVdwSGc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZGpzWUdGOE9yT1FaZU1JQm42Uy9DK29adGZXV2tSODFSNmszekFqdTVvbEpGV2tjU0lxVzViMGJ" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "QDIPDokuR6JA1Vo0HPUftBvycFL5CWfbAJ6vF2N8" "uc_cart_id" => "c3fae0f6d65f75e18712d4dcb2efc90f" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/6120" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-23 21:06:33GET/chapter/61201121913