Biochemical and Biological Effects of Organotins

Organotin Effects in Different Phyla: Discrepancies and Similarities

Author(s): Alessandra Pagliarani, Salvatore Nesci, Fabiana Trombetti and Vittoria Ventrella

Pp: 174-196 (23)

DOI: 10.2174/978160805265311201010174

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

Most of the biological effects displayed by organotin contaminants, among which trisubsituted species are especially toxic, have increasingly been found to exhibit astonishing analogies in different taxa. While similarities can be perceived from prokaryotes to mammals, different modes and extent of biochemical and biological effects were described in different cells, tissues and species. A broad susceptibility range to organotins emerges from literature. Aquatic biota are mainly affected by organotins as environmental water and sediments act as storage site. Endocrine and lipid homeostasis perturbations span from Mollusks, where first gender changes (imposex) referable to environmental organotin contamination was pointed out, to Mammals, where organotins play the role of environmental obesogens. Organotin immunotoxicity, elicited in various invertebrate Phyla, also affects humans. Inhibition of key membrane-bound enzyme complexes such as Na,K-ATPase and FOF1 complexes, thus affecting hydromineral balance, energy production and related effects, are known to occur in a wide variety of organisms. Mitochondria and all membrane functions apparently represent a preferred target of these lipophilic toxicants. Highly conserved action mechanisms could be involved in the observed effects: organotin binding to nuclear receptors, membrane components and intracellular proteins as well as DNA damage may represent widely shared action modes of these compounds. On the other hand the different response and even the refractoriness to these toxicants shown at different biological levels may mirror biochemical and physiological selectivity of signalling pathways, biomembranes and intracellular protein components.


Keywords: Organotin effects - discrepancies - similarities - animal phyla - toxicity mechanisms

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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1518
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316870080 and j.to_ip >=316870080 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740675807 and j.to_date >= 1740675807 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 60) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316870080 and j.to_ip >=316870080 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740675807 and j.to_date >= 1740675807 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 60) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316870080 and j.to_ip >=316870080 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740675807 and j.to_date >= 1740675807 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 60)
      680μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 797 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1740675807 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1740675807 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.54msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 797
      • 3: 1740675807
      • 4: 1740675807
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='9cf94b44953a4b007e13aa605b6454f5'
      370μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Keywords
    1Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        xc2vrfoVxUsYNelEuHvKrX8YXpRPYLvvBSMbjVUb
        uc_cart_id
        9cf94b44953a4b007e13aa605b6454f5
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/60" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/60
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:16 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        []
        
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Thu, 27 Feb 2025 17:03:27 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Ild4Q3ZkeExVQ2NycWFJUFlqS0QxdUE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiL2grUEQ1VnUzc2tMTm8rcmNXS1VXcU9LUkMrOEtSaFJvUGdiOWlaTHdqeDVsU2NMbSs1MjJrMjRPZjZocTdLeFJJNkV6OTBhcHZLZVV1aHZUZFp0bHBVWDZwRmphZDNaU3lKc1JhQzc2cE9hN2xpdFFrWVc3RmFlR2paVndRalYiLCJtYWMiOiI2ZGMzOTM5MzRjNWI1MTUyZTAwOWI0NTJhMDVjNmFmM2ZjNmIzZDRmMTk2NDMxZTEwNjUwODY4OGM1NjQxZGRlIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Sun, 02 Mar 2025 05:03:27 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Ild4Q3ZkeExVQ2NycWFJUFlqS0QxdUE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiL2grUEQ1VnUzc2tMTm8rcmNXS1VXcU9LUkMrOEtSaFJvUGdiOWlaTHdqeDVsU2NMbSs1MjJrMjRPZjZocTdLeFJJNkV6O" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6ImRybXZkT3VxREM3MGxuVCtUVFd5M0E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZDFzR3g4aS9GdTVkV1Vod0hKMzdyTmNvVlc3VC9qZmxNa2hUNE5PS2Z2S3ZWZWlEVUoweXQ2MlltelFnbXFROWRkOGpLUzBwTERFZFZNWWdrNmY0SXVWZGJLbGh3cmRZbmNZeWdiVkFQSFQ1aXFhbVRjUkNiOEtqbi9rM0pkM2giLCJtYWMiOiI5ODFlOTRlNjBiMzMyYzhhYTAzYTFhYjYyM2IwNDZjOTRiNGMyYjM3YmRlNGIzOWI5Mzk3ZDNmYTY3MzA4YzY4IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6ImRybXZkT3VxREM3MGxuVCtUVFd5M0E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZDFzR3g4aS9GdTVkV1Vod0hKMzdyTmNvVlc3VC9qZmxNa2hUNE5PS2Z2S3ZWZWlEVUoweXQ2Mll" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Ild4Q3ZkeExVQ2NycWFJUFlqS0QxdUE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiL2grUEQ1VnUzc2tMTm8rcmNXS1VXcU9LUkMrOEtSaFJvUGdiOWlaTHdqeDVsU2NMbSs1MjJrMjRPZjZocTdLeFJJNkV6OTBhcHZLZVV1aHZUZFp0bHBVWDZwRmphZDNaU3lKc1JhQzc2cE9hN2xpdFFrWVc3RmFlR2paVndRalYiLCJtYWMiOiI2ZGMzOTM5MzRjNWI1MTUyZTAwOWI0NTJhMDVjNmFmM2ZjNmIzZDRmMTk2NDMxZTEwNjUwODY4OGM1NjQxZGRlIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Sun, 02-Mar-2025 05:03:27 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Ild4Q3ZkeExVQ2NycWFJUFlqS0QxdUE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiL2grUEQ1VnUzc2tMTm8rcmNXS1VXcU9LUkMrOEtSaFJvUGdiOWlaTHdqeDVsU2NMbSs1MjJrMjRPZjZocTdLeFJJNkV6O" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6ImRybXZkT3VxREM3MGxuVCtUVFd5M0E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZDFzR3g4aS9GdTVkV1Vod0hKMzdyTmNvVlc3VC9qZmxNa2hUNE5PS2Z2S3ZWZWlEVUoweXQ2MlltelFnbXFROWRkOGpLUzBwTERFZFZNWWdrNmY0SXVWZGJLbGh3cmRZbmNZeWdiVkFQSFQ1aXFhbVRjUkNiOEtqbi9rM0pkM2giLCJtYWMiOiI5ODFlOTRlNjBiMzMyYzhhYTAzYTFhYjYyM2IwNDZjOTRiNGMyYjM3YmRlNGIzOWI5Mzk3ZDNmYTY3MzA4YzY4IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6ImRybXZkT3VxREM3MGxuVCtUVFd5M0E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZDFzR3g4aS9GdTVkV1Vod0hKMzdyTmNvVlc3VC9qZmxNa2hUNE5PS2Z2S3ZWZWlEVUoweXQ2Mll" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "xc2vrfoVxUsYNelEuHvKrX8YXpRPYLvvBSMbjVUb" "uc_cart_id" => "9cf94b44953a4b007e13aa605b6454f5" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/60" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-27 17:03:27GET/chapter/60112193