Methods to Determine Enzymatic Activity

Methods for Detection of Amylolytic Activities

Author(s): Aline Machado de Castro and Bernardo Dias Ribeiro

Pp: 100-124 (25)

DOI: 10.2174/9781608053001113010009

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

Amylases are some of the most important industrial enzymes. Their family is comprised of enzymes with different specificities against a broad range of substrates. The group of endoamylases, which includes α-amylases, catalyzes the cleavage of internal α-1,4 linkages in amylose and amylopectin structures, releasing dextrins of various lengths. Exoamylases, on the other hand, act preferentially in external regions of the substrate, being represented by several enzymes which act towards molecules as small as maltose (e.g., maltase) until polysaccharides (e.g., glucoamylases). The third group comprises debranching amylases, including pullulanases and isoamylases, which act in α-1,6 bonds (branching linkages). Synergy between these groups of enzymes is crucial for the improvement of product release rate. Therefore, it is important to assess methods for the more specific detection as possible for each main group of amylolytic enzymes, in order to understand their synergy and evaluate potential microbial strains for their production. This chapter contains an overview of the mode of action of the main amylolytic enzymes and presents protocols for the quantification of the activity of the three major groups of amylases.


Keywords: Amylase, starch, amylose amylopectin, endoamylases, exoamylases, pullulanase, glycogen, polysaccharides.

Related Journals
Related Books
© 2025 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy
Request history8.2.27PHP Version193msRequest Duration26MBMemory UsageGET chapter/{id}/{param?}Route
  • warninglog[04:57:26] LOG.warning: Optional parameter $id declared before required parameter $request is implic...
  • Booting (105ms)time
  • Application (87.55ms)time
  • 1 x Booting (54.56%)
    105ms
    1 x Application (45.43%)
    87.55ms
    12 templates were rendered
    • ebook.chapter_detailschapter_details.blade.php#?blade
    • layouts.chapter_header_sectionchapter_header_section.blade.php#?blade
    • ebook.chapter_top_bannerchapter_top_banner.blade.php#?blade
    • ebook.chapter_bottom_bannerchapter_bottom_banner.blade.php#?blade
    • ebook.ebook_right_bannerebook_right_banner.blade.php#?blade
    • includes.inc_related_journalsinc_related_journals.blade.php#?blade
    • includes.inc_related_ebooksinc_related_ebooks.blade.php#?blade
    • layouts.appapp.blade.php#?blade
    • layouts._login_access_login_access.blade.php#?blade
    • layouts._header_header.blade.php#?blade
    • layouts._main_menu_main_menu.blade.php#?blade
    • layouts._footer_menu_footer_menu.blade.php#?blade
    uri
    GET chapter/{id}/{param?}
    middleware
    web, check_user_access
    controller
    App\Http\Controllers\ChapterController@GetChapterDetails
    namespace
    App\Http\Controllers
    where
    as
    chapter
    file
    app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1350-1704
    19 statements were executed31.15ms
    • Connection Establishedalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccessCheck.php#24
      Backtrace
      • 9. middleware::check_user_access:24
      • 10. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
      • 11. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Middleware/SubstituteBindings.php:50
      • 12. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Foundation/Http/Middleware/VerifyCsrfToken.php:88
    • INSERT INTO visitor_ip_address (ip_address,visitor_agent,visitor_count, created_on,updated_on) VALUES ('59799503','',1,1740459446,1740459446) ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE visitor_count=visitor_count + 1, updated_on=1740459446
      1.17msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccessCheck.php#24
      Backtrace
      • 11. middleware::check_user_access:24
      • 12. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Middleware/SubstituteBindings.php:50
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Foundation/Http/Middleware/VerifyCsrfToken.php:88
    • INSERT INTO visitor_ip_address_detail (ip_address,visitor_url,visitor_count, created_on,updated_on) VALUES ('59799503','/chapter/5894',1,1740459446,1740459446)
      220μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccessCheck.php#27
      Backtrace
      • 11. middleware::check_user_access:27
      • 12. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Middleware/SubstituteBindings.php:50
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Foundation/Http/Middleware/VerifyCsrfToken.php:88
    • (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_journal_volume_trail WHERE to_ip >= 59799503 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 59799503) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_journal_volume_corporate WHERE to_ip >= 59799503 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 59799503) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_journal_volume_token WHERE to_ip >= 59799503 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 59799503) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_ebook_volume_trail WHERE to_ip >= 59799503 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 59799503) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_ebook_volume_corporate WHERE to_ip >= 59799503 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 59799503) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_ebook_volume_token WHERE to_ip >= 59799503 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 59799503) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_issue_trail WHERE to_ip >= 59799503 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 59799503) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_issue_corporate WHERE to_ip >= 59799503 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 59799503) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_issue_token WHERE to_ip >= 59799503 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 59799503) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_article_trail WHERE to_ip >= 59799503 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 59799503) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_article_corporate WHERE to_ip >= 59799503 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 59799503) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_article_token WHERE to_ip >= 59799503 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 59799503) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_chapter_trail WHERE to_ip >= 59799503 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 59799503) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_chapter_corporate WHERE to_ip >= 59799503 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 59799503) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_chapter_token WHERE to_ip >= 59799503 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 59799503) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_disease_corporate WHERE to_ip >= 59799503 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 59799503) limit 1
      17.64msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#784
      Bindings
      • 0: 59799503
      • 1: 59799503
      • 2: 59799503
      • 3: 59799503
      • 4: 59799503
      • 5: 59799503
      • 6: 59799503
      • 7: 59799503
      • 8: 59799503
      • 9: 59799503
      • 10: 59799503
      • 11: 59799503
      • 12: 59799503
      • 13: 59799503
      • 14: 59799503
      • 15: 59799503
      Backtrace
      • 14. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:784
      • 15. middleware::check_user_access:114
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Middleware/SubstituteBindings.php:50
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
    • select * from `chapter` where `chapter_id` = '5894' limit 1
      920μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022ChapterController.php#1406
      Bindings
      • 0: 5894
      Backtrace
      • 16. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1406
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:206
    • select CONCAT_WS(' ',au.first_name, ' ', ifnull(au.initials,''), ' ', au.last_name) as authors, CONCAT(au.last_name, IFNULL(CONCAT(' ', au.initials), ''), ' ', au.first_name) AS authorsRIS, CONCAT_WS(' ',au.last_name, ' ', ifnull(au.initials,''), ' ', au.first_name) as authorsCiteAs, CONCAT_WS(' ',au.first_name, IFNULL(CONCAT(' ', au.initials), ''), IFNULL(CONCAT(' ', au.last_name), '')) as authorsmodal , `au`.*, `af`.`ror_id`, `af`.`institution`, `af`.`department`, `af`.`country`, `af`.`city`, `af`.`address`, (GROUP_CONCAT(TRIM(BOTH ', ' FROM CONCAT(ifnull(concat(af.institution,','),''), ifnull(concat(af.department,','),''), ifnull(concat(af.address,','),''), ifnull(concat(af.city,','),''), ifnull(concat(af.country,','),''), ifnull(concat(af.postal_code,','),''), ifnull(concat(af.phone,','),''), ifnull(concat(af.fax,','),''))) SEPARATOR '|')) as `author_affiliation`, (GROUP_CONCAT(TRIM(BOTH ', ' FROM CONCAT(ifnull(concat(af.web_view,','),''))) SEPARATOR '|')) as `web_view` from `author` as `au` left join `author_affiliation` as `af` on `au`.`author_id` = `af`.`author_id` where `au`.`chapter_id` = '5894' group by `au`.`author_id` order by `au`.`article_id` asc, `au`.`sequence` asc
      2.04msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Author.php#86
      Bindings
      • 0: 5894
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Author.php:86
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1411
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select * from `keywords` where `chapter_id` = '5894'
      680μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022ChapterController.php#1415
      Bindings
      • 0: 5894
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1415
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:206
    • select * from `ebook` where `ebook_id` = 371 limit 1
      210μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022ChapterController.php#1430
      Bindings
      • 0: 371
      Backtrace
      • 16. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1430
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:206
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `subject_ebook` as `se` inner join `ebook` as `e` on `e`.`ebook_id` = `se`.`ebook_id` inner join `ebook_volume` as `v` on `v`.`ebook_id` = `e`.`ebook_id` where subject_id IN (select subject_id FROM subject_ebook WHERE ebook_id=371) and se.ebook_id!=371 and v.ebook_status='1'
      1.47msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Subject.php#238
      Backtrace
      • 16. app/Models/Subject.php:238
      • 17. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1434
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select distinct v.nid as volume_id,e.nid,e.title,v.issn,v.eissn,v.isbn,v.eisbn,e.ebook_id, v.image_file_name,v.file_path,v.flyer_link,v.ebook_volume_id, v.volume_name,v.doi,v.year_id,v.introduction from `subject_ebook` as `se` inner join `ebook` as `e` on `e`.`ebook_id` = `se`.`ebook_id` inner join `ebook_volume` as `v` on `v`.`ebook_id` = `e`.`ebook_id` where subject_id IN (select subject_id FROM subject_ebook WHERE ebook_id=371) and se.ebook_id!=371 and v.ebook_status='1' limit 10 offset 0
      720μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Subject.php#238
      Backtrace
      • 14. app/Models/Subject.php:238
      • 15. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1434
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `subject_journal` as `sj` inner join `journal` as `j` on `j`.`journal_id` = `sj`.`journal_id` where subject_id IN (select subject_id FROM subject_ebook WHERE ebook_id=371)
      360μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Subject.php#255
      Backtrace
      • 16. app/Models/Subject.php:255
      • 17. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1435
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select distinct j.nid as journal_nid,j.title,j.subtitle,j.issn,j.eissn,j.keyword,sj.journal_id,j.image_file_name,j.flyer_link from `subject_journal` as `sj` inner join `journal` as `j` on `j`.`journal_id` = `sj`.`journal_id` where subject_id IN (select subject_id FROM subject_ebook WHERE ebook_id=371) limit 10 offset 0
      410μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Subject.php#255
      Backtrace
      • 14. app/Models/Subject.php:255
      • 15. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1435
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select `e`.*, `a`.*, `y`.`year`, `e`.`ebook_volume_id` as `ebook_volume_id`, `a`.`ebook_volume_id` as `ebk_vol_id`, `e`.`ebook_id` as `ebk_ebook_id` from `ebook_volume` as `e` left join `author` as `a` on `e`.`ebook_volume_id` = `a`.`ebook_volume_id` left join `year` as `y` on `y`.`id` = `e`.`year_id` where `e`.`ebook_volume_id` = 1341 and `e`.`is_uploaded` = 1
      2.12msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022EbookVolume.php#271
      Bindings
      • 0: 1341
      • 1: 1
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/EbookVolume.php:271
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1438
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select count(*) rcd from `ebook_volume` where `ebook_id` = 371 and ebook_volume_id <> 1341 limit 1
      240μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022EbookVolume.php#999
      Bindings
      • 0: 371
      Backtrace
      • 14. app/Models/EbookVolume.php:999
      • 15. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1462
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select count(*) as total_count, content_type_access_id as access_type from ebook_access where content_type_id = '5894' and content_type = 'c' and ( (from_date <= CURDATE() and to_date >= CURDATE() and perpetual= 0) or (from_date is null and to_date is null and perpetual= 1) )
      320μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022ContentAccess.php#647
      Backtrace
      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1465
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select count(*) as total_count, content_type_access_id as access_type from ebook_access where content_type_id = '1341' and content_type = 'v' and ( (from_date <= CURDATE() and to_date >= CURDATE() and perpetual= 0) or (from_date is null and to_date is null and perpetual= 1) )
      250μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022ContentAccess.php#647
      Backtrace
      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1478
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"ebook_volume" as access_level,"" as chapter_id from `user_access_ebook_volume_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59799503 and j.to_ip >=59799503 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740459446 and j.to_date >= 1740459446 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.volume_id = 1341) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"ebook_volume" as access_level,"" as chapter_id from `user_access_ebook_volume_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59799503 and j.to_ip >=59799503 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740459446 and j.to_date >= 1740459446 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.volume_id = 1341) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"ebook_volume" as access_level,"" as chapter_id from `user_access_ebook_volume_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59799503 and j.to_ip >=59799503 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740459446 and j.to_date >= 1740459446 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.volume_id = 1341)
      560μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1518
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59799503 and j.to_ip >=59799503 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740459446 and j.to_date >= 1740459446 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 5894) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59799503 and j.to_ip >=59799503 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740459446 and j.to_date >= 1740459446 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 5894) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59799503 and j.to_ip >=59799503 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740459446 and j.to_date >= 1740459446 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 5894)
      520μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 1341 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1740459446 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1740459446 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.07msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 1341
      • 3: 1740459446
      • 4: 1740459446
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='fbf2a39a9ac6edd4739e3ab0192e4f4b'
      230μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    8Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        uknCGK602XjhPzKxfNlCHZpydTGb3GIPFdNrWTDZ
        uc_cart_id
        fbf2a39a9ac6edd4739e3ab0192e4f4b
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/5894" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/5894
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:17 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "cookie" => array:1 [ 0 => "wayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6IjV0am1hWnZoVWprYWRNbjRKSEtjMlE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZ3lKa0pwTlg3UjJaaVI4S3ZTcFQ5K1E0SE5CZDZOTHc3L0J6aWVGSnBzNWQzeXhsVm5LQUcyOTdaaGgvTUVEVG9uSkx1c01Femh2UFMyNEQ4Y1dBbUE9PSIsIm1hYyI6ImUwYzRiYjZiZTY5MWMyNTMxMDkxNjM3MzA0MzJlNDA4MTdlZDVhYTgzOGYyYzRhYjYyYzNkODFmZmFlZTQ4NWMiLCJ0YWciOiIifQ%3D%3D; XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IndaSVMzVUhjcUdHc0hSa3F4S2d2blE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoibnZ0a2FQdThtbmVsWjBJN28weFRvRWdneVlDWTQxT1BOTWE3ZU1wM0VpK0haUkpnMnpYdlRET0dUOVFHVWRuN2Fub05jSEMweGRaYXNNN1B4RnRycVR5MFJKTFVnaUZtK0NDN1AwVFhPbUpVYTI0ZEo1L2dxZFpEbVNKMlpkY3kiLCJtYWMiOiI1ZTg5NDg1ODZlZjA3NDRiY2U4NDI4MDhkMzEzMWE4OGFiNGNiMGY3Nzg2MzBmNWQxM2U2NThlN2E2ZDg5YWJmIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IkIxWTNjVFVMMWwraGl2V3NvUWZ0L2c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoieFBKRi9CS1JxTUt6STg2RHppQi9SOHhlN2h4WXFNMjhIK0tEZHZ4bGFkdzc1MmhmOXFlU0p2aThnMlpXcWNQdllneTlsTHBQWjNoREMzUm12NlZxS1JHRG51UGUvSTJIV2sydVRhbHpSczdlN2VRSjIwT1BwbFo1a1BZYkg4dFAiLCJtYWMiOiI3M2UzYzBmM2ViODFmOTMwN2FlMmQ0Y2FmN2VkZTQ3NGRjYzM5NmMyZmNlMjkwYTRiZTM5MjViYzgwZWU3NTdlIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3Dwayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6IjV0am1hWnZoVWprYWRNbjRKSEtjMlE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZ3lKa0pwTlg3UjJaaVI4S3ZTcFQ5K1E0SE5CZDZOTHc3L0J6aWVGSnBzNWQzeXhsVm5LQUcyOTdaaGgvTUVEVG9u" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        0 of 0
        array:3 [ "wayfindertarget" => null "XSRF-TOKEN" => "uknCGK602XjhPzKxfNlCHZpydTGb3GIPFdNrWTDZ" "alphaeurekaselectnet_session" => "BKlOB1olS86TOH8I1d4IRpFi6JGfW6qx7MppDgem" ]
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Tue, 25 Feb 2025 04:57:26 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IlA5cjBUZ1JzWEV6cS9Sb2VOaVcwQXc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiTGZXaFQ1S3Zsc2l1aE1EbEF0cWkveHg5d1RQVEs5OVpBWFRTZmMzcnlYa0ZUVktzNGFkU3Rudk5ES0NxOG9vSjk2U3V5c3pLQ2lGTnRUVDI2Y3BGcHZlQXpLRVFtN1RZWHJwNzZ1RU93b0l4cUZjK0RRWWVWRGFucHJqZWVidnMiLCJtYWMiOiIzOTdhZTIzNjI4MWZhYzMwYjhjYzQ4N2ViMzc5NTcyMDhhMzRjYjc1NGQxMzA0NTc2NzJiMjE5ZTQyN2NkMWI0IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 27 Feb 2025 16:57:26 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IlA5cjBUZ1JzWEV6cS9Sb2VOaVcwQXc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiTGZXaFQ1S3Zsc2l1aE1EbEF0cWkveHg5d1RQVEs5OVpBWFRTZmMzcnlYa0ZUVktzNGFkU3Rudk5ES0NxOG9vSjk2U3V5c" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IjRZZGlYb0dieFJxcnl6MTNFZy9FY2c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiaDFVeWhXVDQrTWEwcy9JanhKeVVQQ3pPQnBmZG5ZLzM2RTdKc2M1VWtWcEtqU2creWF6SkNKK1VTRlBRYTBnM2M4a1JscTFjbFNFVFdwd0pXMXhTa2V0eU9uYkhBeFFiSHZYVzF4enJxU0cydU8zMzFPanpOcVB2akRydWRPUmwiLCJtYWMiOiJjMGZhNDgyNmRjMmVhMWI3M2EyNTA4NzIwYmU1NGVmZDEzODcyNjY3NDM2OGY4YTU3ZDY5ODM3ZmExNDMzNzA4IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IjRZZGlYb0dieFJxcnl6MTNFZy9FY2c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiaDFVeWhXVDQrTWEwcy9JanhKeVVQQ3pPQnBmZG5ZLzM2RTdKc2M1VWtWcEtqU2creWF6SkNKK1V" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IlA5cjBUZ1JzWEV6cS9Sb2VOaVcwQXc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiTGZXaFQ1S3Zsc2l1aE1EbEF0cWkveHg5d1RQVEs5OVpBWFRTZmMzcnlYa0ZUVktzNGFkU3Rudk5ES0NxOG9vSjk2U3V5c3pLQ2lGTnRUVDI2Y3BGcHZlQXpLRVFtN1RZWHJwNzZ1RU93b0l4cUZjK0RRWWVWRGFucHJqZWVidnMiLCJtYWMiOiIzOTdhZTIzNjI4MWZhYzMwYjhjYzQ4N2ViMzc5NTcyMDhhMzRjYjc1NGQxMzA0NTc2NzJiMjE5ZTQyN2NkMWI0IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 27-Feb-2025 16:57:26 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IlA5cjBUZ1JzWEV6cS9Sb2VOaVcwQXc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiTGZXaFQ1S3Zsc2l1aE1EbEF0cWkveHg5d1RQVEs5OVpBWFRTZmMzcnlYa0ZUVktzNGFkU3Rudk5ES0NxOG9vSjk2U3V5c" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IjRZZGlYb0dieFJxcnl6MTNFZy9FY2c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiaDFVeWhXVDQrTWEwcy9JanhKeVVQQ3pPQnBmZG5ZLzM2RTdKc2M1VWtWcEtqU2creWF6SkNKK1VTRlBRYTBnM2M4a1JscTFjbFNFVFdwd0pXMXhTa2V0eU9uYkhBeFFiSHZYVzF4enJxU0cydU8zMzFPanpOcVB2akRydWRPUmwiLCJtYWMiOiJjMGZhNDgyNmRjMmVhMWI3M2EyNTA4NzIwYmU1NGVmZDEzODcyNjY3NDM2OGY4YTU3ZDY5ODM3ZmExNDMzNzA4IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IjRZZGlYb0dieFJxcnl6MTNFZy9FY2c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiaDFVeWhXVDQrTWEwcy9JanhKeVVQQ3pPQnBmZG5ZLzM2RTdKc2M1VWtWcEtqU2creWF6SkNKK1V" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "uknCGK602XjhPzKxfNlCHZpydTGb3GIPFdNrWTDZ" "uc_cart_id" => "fbf2a39a9ac6edd4739e3ab0192e4f4b" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/5894" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-25 04:57:26GET/chapter/58941121910