Biochemical and Biological Effects of Organotins

Organotins and Hydromineral Homeostasis in Aquatic Animals

Author(s): Mark G.J. Hartl

Pp: 125-148 (24)

DOI: 10.2174/978160805265311201010125

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

Enzymes, non-enzymatic proteins and other organic molecules are vital components in living cells. Their respective function depends on specific spatial configurations which are linked to intracellular conditions. Any fluctuation of these conditions, beyond certain threshold values, such as a disruption of ionic regulatory mechanisms, can lead to the destabilisation of a finely balanced intracellular dynamic physiological equilibrium or homeostasis. Hydromineral homeostasis in aquatic organisms is maintained by a complex endocrine controlled array of specialised cross-membrane ion transport systems and the regulation of membrane water permeability. Depending on how aquatic organisms maintain hydromineral homeostasis, they can be roughly divided into two groups: osmoconformers and osmoregulators; the former are mostly invertebrates with high water permeability, the latter include some invertebrates and most fish species, whose permeable external epithelia are usually restricted to the gills. Other important organs involved in hydromineral regulation include the intestine and the various phyla-specific organisational types of renal systems. Environmental concentrations of organotin compounds, such as tributyltin and triphenyltin, have been shown to interfere with the maintenance of hydromineral homeostasis by inhibiting ATPases and affecting membrane permeability for water. The present chapter reviews the impact of organotin exposure on fresh- and seawater organisms of various phyla by examining the histophathological, physiological and molecular interactions of organotin compounds with relevant enzymes, membranes, the endocrine system, and the consequential ramifications for individuals, populations and community structure in aquatic ecosystems.


Keywords: Hydromineral regulation - gills - membranes- osmosis - ionic flux - organotins - ATPase.

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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
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      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59226591 and j.to_ip >=59226591 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740676435 and j.to_date >= 1740676435 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 57) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59226591 and j.to_ip >=59226591 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740676435 and j.to_date >= 1740676435 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 57) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59226591 and j.to_ip >=59226591 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740676435 and j.to_date >= 1740676435 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 57)
      860μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 797 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1740676435 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1740676435 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.14msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 797
      • 3: 1740676435
      • 4: 1740676435
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='6a056a320a718f189fb01114c140e91e'
      240μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Keywords
    1Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        kPVy0TwRHfEHR3Ln5DQq25udliIPTJOW71iHsLQ3
        uc_cart_id
        6a056a320a718f189fb01114c140e91e
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/57" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/57
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:16 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        []
        
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Thu, 27 Feb 2025 17:13:55 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Inl1eC8vV2FrWUhFS3UwYUdqYWppY1E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiTmFWV1lISCtVQXFhbys2R1ZIa2k4UHp3QVJjeHVuUDhucGRyZkFJRGlhb0dLckRuWFRFa3pxNzdYWnd4ZFo2YTFYaG9iMjZnaXlSQjVSb1JhNVRNZjVETXZZRmVxSjhiZ1g2NVpNYjhDUXJlM3RWL3h4Um1JRm9VOVI0N2hzQlgiLCJtYWMiOiI4MGQ2ODFlOTk5ZTk3NDU2YzE0OWIzZDYwMTEwZjFiZTkxYTlmOTk0NmQyMzNiMDU5YzYzN2EwZDU5NzIwNWYzIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Sun, 02 Mar 2025 05:13:55 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Inl1eC8vV2FrWUhFS3UwYUdqYWppY1E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiTmFWV1lISCtVQXFhbys2R1ZIa2k4UHp3QVJjeHVuUDhucGRyZkFJRGlhb0dLckRuWFRFa3pxNzdYWnd4ZFo2YTFYaG9iM" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IlRQTlZUZThZSERqQVVheDNwUTFEMEE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiRXpjcCtLNGEzU1hhRzZmNU1NZVlIODR4YjF0emhSaFpyS2RFMzdmaWRhR3M0bXBMdjY3RzhiTUw5Z3dIWWRuY052NGpTazVyU1kvSVdYMWpvSW9XaHpqQXh5ZVRxZ3Boc0szQStZTE94d25VS1l4SFJ0aXNRaFNHL3dFYjQvcE0iLCJtYWMiOiI2MDU4YjJkZGNiNTQxYjU1ZTczNzYxMWQ1OTJmNjFkMjNiMDIwODliYTBhMmMzNzcyMGMzNDRkNzc5ODY2MWE4IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IlRQTlZUZThZSERqQVVheDNwUTFEMEE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiRXpjcCtLNGEzU1hhRzZmNU1NZVlIODR4YjF0emhSaFpyS2RFMzdmaWRhR3M0bXBMdjY3RzhiTUw" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Inl1eC8vV2FrWUhFS3UwYUdqYWppY1E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiTmFWV1lISCtVQXFhbys2R1ZIa2k4UHp3QVJjeHVuUDhucGRyZkFJRGlhb0dLckRuWFRFa3pxNzdYWnd4ZFo2YTFYaG9iMjZnaXlSQjVSb1JhNVRNZjVETXZZRmVxSjhiZ1g2NVpNYjhDUXJlM3RWL3h4Um1JRm9VOVI0N2hzQlgiLCJtYWMiOiI4MGQ2ODFlOTk5ZTk3NDU2YzE0OWIzZDYwMTEwZjFiZTkxYTlmOTk0NmQyMzNiMDU5YzYzN2EwZDU5NzIwNWYzIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Sun, 02-Mar-2025 05:13:55 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Inl1eC8vV2FrWUhFS3UwYUdqYWppY1E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiTmFWV1lISCtVQXFhbys2R1ZIa2k4UHp3QVJjeHVuUDhucGRyZkFJRGlhb0dLckRuWFRFa3pxNzdYWnd4ZFo2YTFYaG9iM" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IlRQTlZUZThZSERqQVVheDNwUTFEMEE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiRXpjcCtLNGEzU1hhRzZmNU1NZVlIODR4YjF0emhSaFpyS2RFMzdmaWRhR3M0bXBMdjY3RzhiTUw5Z3dIWWRuY052NGpTazVyU1kvSVdYMWpvSW9XaHpqQXh5ZVRxZ3Boc0szQStZTE94d25VS1l4SFJ0aXNRaFNHL3dFYjQvcE0iLCJtYWMiOiI2MDU4YjJkZGNiNTQxYjU1ZTczNzYxMWQ1OTJmNjFkMjNiMDIwODliYTBhMmMzNzcyMGMzNDRkNzc5ODY2MWE4IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IlRQTlZUZThZSERqQVVheDNwUTFEMEE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiRXpjcCtLNGEzU1hhRzZmNU1NZVlIODR4YjF0emhSaFpyS2RFMzdmaWRhR3M0bXBMdjY3RzhiTUw" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "kPVy0TwRHfEHR3Ln5DQq25udliIPTJOW71iHsLQ3" "uc_cart_id" => "6a056a320a718f189fb01114c140e91e" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/57" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-27 17:13:55GET/chapter/57112193