Brassinosteroids: Practical Applications in Agriculture and Human Health

Current Scenario of Applications of Brassinosteroids in Human Welfare

Author(s): Renu Bhardwaj, Indu Sharma, Mukesh Kanwar, Neha Handa and Dhriti Kapoor

Pp: 3-15 (13)

DOI: 10.2174/978160805298111201010003

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

Brassinosteroids (BRs) regulate plant growth and development and show structural similarities to animal steroidal lactones. They are ubiquitously distributed throughout plant kingdom and regulate a broad spectrum of plant developmental and physiological processes, including gene expression, cell division and expansion and differentiation at nanomolar to micromolar concentrations. Exogenous applications of BRs revealed their enhancing effects on yield and quality of crops, vegetables and fruits. Besides, BRs have also been reported to play a significant role in stress-protection in both biotic and abiotic stress in plants. Recently, BRs have attained worldwide attention for their bioactivities in diverse test systems as well as in agricultural applications. Burgeoning studies have divulged antiviral, antifungal, antiproliferative, antibacterial, neuroprotective and immunomodulatory properties of BRs in animal systems. In human cells, BRs and their analogues are reported to inhibit cell growth in cancer cell lines. Keeping in view the agricultural, stress protective and medicinal properties of BRs, they are emerging as potential candidates for use in human welfare.


Keywords: Antiviral, agriculture, brassinolide, growth, immunomodulatory, phytohormones, stress protection.

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      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
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      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1478
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1518
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 309695154 and j.to_ip >=309695154 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740497152 and j.to_date >= 1740497152 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 550) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 309695154 and j.to_ip >=309695154 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740497152 and j.to_date >= 1740497152 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 550) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 309695154 and j.to_ip >=309695154 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740497152 and j.to_date >= 1740497152 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 550)
      670μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 830 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1740497152 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1740497152 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.08msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 830
      • 3: 1740497152
      • 4: 1740497152
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='d8bb135d7de398b74141037e93dfce6c'
      230μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    7Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        jf2BfBlw805CEsSrDvfLBziFoBAeEwdqahkJRiYz
        uc_cart_id
        d8bb135d7de398b74141037e93dfce6c
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/550" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/550
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:17 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "cookie" => array:1 [ 0 => "wayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6InpMSUNycHkyaXhlc0ZIODNHd1FNQkE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiNTVLdkRNSVNmWTZlUXdLZEtEdnZNTkxSZXU3SkJKL1pIc3ppbjN3NzRZUT0iLCJtYWMiOiI2YmJhZjI2NWM3YTgwMjgyYjYwZWRlZDdkNGFhMWI5OGY5ZjI1NTdmMGExYmM3NmRiYWEwMzFjYzEwN2I2ZjI5IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3Dwayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6InpMSUNycHkyaXhlc0ZIODNHd1FNQkE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiNTVLdkRNSVNmWTZlUXdLZEtEdnZNTkxSZXU3SkJKL1pIc3ppbjN3NzRZUT0iLCJtYWMiOiI2YmJhZjI2NWM3YTgw" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        0 of 0
        array:1 [ "wayfindertarget" => null ]
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Tue, 25 Feb 2025 15:25:52 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Ii9ZNGlNVW5Va3p2N3VrS0pPbUJac3c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZ0d6ZVNwVDRVQXdLeGxIMGl4dXJ6V2xCRG9wYjF1S2RwT2dzN1NzbTRYUjZsYU1vT0luU2xKakNKS0VEOXhhV1FCQmFtR3l4TU5ZcEw5dTJrTlptUjA2VW5TcStwMTZScVBxWTN1Mm9JdDJNeHlsOXlQV0gxaXlJT1Z2dlJySEkiLCJtYWMiOiJkNDFiOGM1NTE1OWI4YzUyNDY1OGEyODM3MzcwMzU1NDBhNjI1Y2I3OTk1OTljMTA1ZThiODNkMzNlOWM2NTE0IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Fri, 28 Feb 2025 03:25:52 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Ii9ZNGlNVW5Va3p2N3VrS0pPbUJac3c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZ0d6ZVNwVDRVQXdLeGxIMGl4dXJ6V2xCRG9wYjF1S2RwT2dzN1NzbTRYUjZsYU1vT0luU2xKakNKS0VEOXhhV1FCQmFtR" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IlZqQlFMa0t1TXlrTjdzQXRkdzNhQUE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiRXI1UDQ3YjlmNXgybW5kTUpaRHZoV0pSY3lZWEZldDFqeXlDdnRORVQxZm50SjZkRFc2Vi9EMnRJR0JHQjNTckk5RGtCYU9zK2xDa3lJaUJSckp6Q2k2VEpjazVxSDFDUzlIazR5UFE4NEkwL0t5dk01TURsb2MyamNJaWtqRVgiLCJtYWMiOiI0NGYxYmQ2NjhiMTRiMDk3ZTkyYTIxYjYwOTJhZTM5ZmJjZjg1MzRiNGZmZjg3MjFlZGQ4MDdmNDU3NmQxYjljIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IlZqQlFMa0t1TXlrTjdzQXRkdzNhQUE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiRXI1UDQ3YjlmNXgybW5kTUpaRHZoV0pSY3lZWEZldDFqeXlDdnRORVQxZm50SjZkRFc2Vi9EMnR" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Ii9ZNGlNVW5Va3p2N3VrS0pPbUJac3c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZ0d6ZVNwVDRVQXdLeGxIMGl4dXJ6V2xCRG9wYjF1S2RwT2dzN1NzbTRYUjZsYU1vT0luU2xKakNKS0VEOXhhV1FCQmFtR3l4TU5ZcEw5dTJrTlptUjA2VW5TcStwMTZScVBxWTN1Mm9JdDJNeHlsOXlQV0gxaXlJT1Z2dlJySEkiLCJtYWMiOiJkNDFiOGM1NTE1OWI4YzUyNDY1OGEyODM3MzcwMzU1NDBhNjI1Y2I3OTk1OTljMTA1ZThiODNkMzNlOWM2NTE0IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Fri, 28-Feb-2025 03:25:52 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Ii9ZNGlNVW5Va3p2N3VrS0pPbUJac3c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZ0d6ZVNwVDRVQXdLeGxIMGl4dXJ6V2xCRG9wYjF1S2RwT2dzN1NzbTRYUjZsYU1vT0luU2xKakNKS0VEOXhhV1FCQmFtR" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IlZqQlFMa0t1TXlrTjdzQXRkdzNhQUE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiRXI1UDQ3YjlmNXgybW5kTUpaRHZoV0pSY3lZWEZldDFqeXlDdnRORVQxZm50SjZkRFc2Vi9EMnRJR0JHQjNTckk5RGtCYU9zK2xDa3lJaUJSckp6Q2k2VEpjazVxSDFDUzlIazR5UFE4NEkwL0t5dk01TURsb2MyamNJaWtqRVgiLCJtYWMiOiI0NGYxYmQ2NjhiMTRiMDk3ZTkyYTIxYjYwOTJhZTM5ZmJjZjg1MzRiNGZmZjg3MjFlZGQ4MDdmNDU3NmQxYjljIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IlZqQlFMa0t1TXlrTjdzQXRkdzNhQUE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiRXI1UDQ3YjlmNXgybW5kTUpaRHZoV0pSY3lZWEZldDFqeXlDdnRORVQxZm50SjZkRFc2Vi9EMnR" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "jf2BfBlw805CEsSrDvfLBziFoBAeEwdqahkJRiYz" "uc_cart_id" => "d8bb135d7de398b74141037e93dfce6c" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/550" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-25 15:25:52GET/chapter/550112199