Biochemical and Biological Effects of Organotins

Lipid Homeostasis Perturbation by Organotins: Effects on Vertebrates and Invertebrates

Author(s): Miguel Machado Santos, Maria Armanda Reis-Henriques and Luis Filipe Costa Castro

Pp: 83-96 (14)

DOI: 10.2174/978160805265311201010083

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

Lipid homeostasis is essential for the maintenance of the organism energy balance while enabling the cells to perform vital functions. In mammals, improper control of these metabolic pathways can result in serious health problems, such as obesity, increased risk of coronary artery diseases, diabetes and related problems, such as hypertension and lipidemia. The nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptorγ (PPARγ), together with its heterodimeric partner retinoid X receptor (RXR), is a master regulator of adipocyte differentiation, being involved in the regulation of food intake, metabolic efficiency and energy storage. Triorganotins such as tributyltin (TBT) and triphenyltin (TPhT) are high affinity ligands of both RXRs and PPARγ. In line with these findings, the use of the 3T3-L1 cell system, a well characterized model for adipogenesis, demonstrated that organotins stimulate 3T3-L1 cells differentiation and the expression of adipocyte marker genes. In vivo exposure of neonate mice to TBT significantly elevates lipid accumulation in several tissues, thus supporting the hypothesis that chronic lifetime human exposure to organotins may increase the risk of obesity. While PPAR has not been described outside deuterostomes, RXR is ubiquitous within metazoans. Thus, the taxonomic scope for organotin-mediated lipid homeostasis disruption may be wider than initially anticipated. This is further supported by the observation of increased lipid accumulation in amphibians and teleost fish and changes to the lipid profile in molluscs after organotin exposure. Therefore, we review here the current evidence on the molecular and biochemical mechanisms for organotin-mediated lipid homeostasis disruption within several metazoan phyla.


Keywords: Nuclear receptors - endocrine disruption - adipogenesis - lipogenesis-obesity - invertebrates - vertebrates-biodiversity.

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      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1518
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59081319 and j.to_ip >=59081319 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740676552 and j.to_date >= 1740676552 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 54) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59081319 and j.to_ip >=59081319 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740676552 and j.to_date >= 1740676552 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 54) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59081319 and j.to_ip >=59081319 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740676552 and j.to_date >= 1740676552 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 54)
      750μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 797 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1740676552 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1740676552 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.1msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 797
      • 3: 1740676552
      • 4: 1740676552
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='559c41d447e9588fd5657a728bb63840'
      230μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Keywords
    1Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        JtdwrCDlbDruHV7drr2NBMz28D5X8G2AL6deYgL7
        uc_cart_id
        559c41d447e9588fd5657a728bb63840
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/54" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/54
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:16 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        []
        
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Thu, 27 Feb 2025 17:15:52 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IkI1c3RGL2FhdnlwQ2lGZFYwT3ZOTlE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiT1MvTlRLdnNuNEY5elU5MzVLdU16ak5UNm8wVkduOW9XVXBQdVFtS1BxZkpDMDhRVTFRVjVJNnMzdGpsZ1oyS0hsN2FhL1JobHoxZnV0elY5Zk8yRjBIbWdkcTZqTE5lQmhmb04yZWMwRngxTkIva2t6c0RSUUZvVHpLM3NlZTkiLCJtYWMiOiIzMzVjOGMzMDk3Mzk0NDk3NWFlM2MxMjg5ZWZmNTBiNzU5ZWI5OTc4NTdkZjQ4YzU4ZWEwZDk2ZmQ3MjA5MDUyIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Sun, 02 Mar 2025 05:15:52 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IkI1c3RGL2FhdnlwQ2lGZFYwT3ZOTlE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiT1MvTlRLdnNuNEY5elU5MzVLdU16ak5UNm8wVkduOW9XVXBQdVFtS1BxZkpDMDhRVTFRVjVJNnMzdGpsZ1oyS0hsN2FhL" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IkRUaW1ldDJnbENvdDQ5QnVvL2hUZFE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiOEY2MW44dmU5Z2JOcnFzeU9Oanp6S25ia3ExUUpKMjN1RnN1SnMwdmpaSjBXc3NpY2VBNCtEbWhnaWVWQkIwdXN0amZ2bmc2a2xFMjhJcFJSSGwwVzF5YlhHcjJFNXJ6RkFjSXNNTzJYQWRNS3d4YzlLUlFjOWpUWFdzR29lTm8iLCJtYWMiOiI3OGJmYzhkMDdkYzQ4YWI1NDI3Y2QyNGNiNzdlY2I3NDgzMWE1MmRmM2JhOTJhYjQ4ZmE2ODlhNTM1MmI2YmMyIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IkRUaW1ldDJnbENvdDQ5QnVvL2hUZFE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiOEY2MW44dmU5Z2JOcnFzeU9Oanp6S25ia3ExUUpKMjN1RnN1SnMwdmpaSjBXc3NpY2VBNCtEbWh" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IkI1c3RGL2FhdnlwQ2lGZFYwT3ZOTlE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiT1MvTlRLdnNuNEY5elU5MzVLdU16ak5UNm8wVkduOW9XVXBQdVFtS1BxZkpDMDhRVTFRVjVJNnMzdGpsZ1oyS0hsN2FhL1JobHoxZnV0elY5Zk8yRjBIbWdkcTZqTE5lQmhmb04yZWMwRngxTkIva2t6c0RSUUZvVHpLM3NlZTkiLCJtYWMiOiIzMzVjOGMzMDk3Mzk0NDk3NWFlM2MxMjg5ZWZmNTBiNzU5ZWI5OTc4NTdkZjQ4YzU4ZWEwZDk2ZmQ3MjA5MDUyIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Sun, 02-Mar-2025 05:15:52 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IkI1c3RGL2FhdnlwQ2lGZFYwT3ZOTlE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiT1MvTlRLdnNuNEY5elU5MzVLdU16ak5UNm8wVkduOW9XVXBQdVFtS1BxZkpDMDhRVTFRVjVJNnMzdGpsZ1oyS0hsN2FhL" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IkRUaW1ldDJnbENvdDQ5QnVvL2hUZFE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiOEY2MW44dmU5Z2JOcnFzeU9Oanp6S25ia3ExUUpKMjN1RnN1SnMwdmpaSjBXc3NpY2VBNCtEbWhnaWVWQkIwdXN0amZ2bmc2a2xFMjhJcFJSSGwwVzF5YlhHcjJFNXJ6RkFjSXNNTzJYQWRNS3d4YzlLUlFjOWpUWFdzR29lTm8iLCJtYWMiOiI3OGJmYzhkMDdkYzQ4YWI1NDI3Y2QyNGNiNzdlY2I3NDgzMWE1MmRmM2JhOTJhYjQ4ZmE2ODlhNTM1MmI2YmMyIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IkRUaW1ldDJnbENvdDQ5QnVvL2hUZFE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiOEY2MW44dmU5Z2JOcnFzeU9Oanp6S25ia3ExUUpKMjN1RnN1SnMwdmpaSjBXc3NpY2VBNCtEbWh" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "JtdwrCDlbDruHV7drr2NBMz28D5X8G2AL6deYgL7" "uc_cart_id" => "559c41d447e9588fd5657a728bb63840" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/54" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-27 17:15:52GET/chapter/54112193