Treatise on Ocular Drug Delivery

Drug Delivery Systems for Diseases of the Back of the Eye

Author(s): Ashish Thakur and Uday B. Kompella

Pp: 114-139 (26)

DOI: 10.2174/9781608051755113010009

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

Drug delivery to the back of the eye currently relies largely on localized drug delivery systems. These systems provide high drug concentrations at the target sites and low concentrations in the systemic circulation, thereby improving the risk: benefit ratio of the therapeutic agent. Since localized drug delivery requires either a surgical procedure or an injection in or around the eye, drug delivery systems developed for the back of the eye are either self-sustaining or slow release systems. In this chapter, various drug delivery systems including non-degradable implants, biodegradable implants, encapsulated cell technology based implants, microparticles, nanoparticles, liposomes, micelles and hydrogels suitable for localized drug delivery to the back of the eye are discussed. Further, iontophoretic approaches are also briefly addressed.


Keywords: Drug delivery systems, Implants, Microparticles, Nanoparticles, Liposomes, Micelles, Hydrogels, Iontophoresis, Posterior eye.

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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
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      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 873352086 and j.to_ip >=873352086 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740552148 and j.to_date >= 1740552148 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 5278) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 873352086 and j.to_ip >=873352086 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740552148 and j.to_date >= 1740552148 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 5278) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 873352086 and j.to_ip >=873352086 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740552148 and j.to_date >= 1740552148 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 5278)
      1.21msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 1286 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1740552148 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1740552148 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.55msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 1286
      • 3: 1740552148
      • 4: 1740552148
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='2db4e5b23a3dcc52316663429e064cba'
      310μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    9Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        cwV07BQew7sa2Rp0fPgxpW5dcNC4K6fcwsRoVVF8
        uc_cart_id
        2db4e5b23a3dcc52316663429e064cba
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/5278" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/5278
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:17 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "cookie" => array:1 [ 0 => "wayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6ImsyZFVlMTZ0d0R0Zjkyd0lKVXlvcEE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiS21RY1QwZnZQb1c3TTV3L3g2czAvellFdHJ6WVJPQkwxN1VYVEhpWkpGOD0iLCJtYWMiOiIwNzViNTkwY2ZkYWFkMDJiZDI1OTUxYTk1YjJiZWEwOWVmMzNlNTI5ZGQ4MzQ3ZWUzYTExYjNjYjM1ZTQ2NTJiIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3Dwayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6ImsyZFVlMTZ0d0R0Zjkyd0lKVXlvcEE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiS21RY1QwZnZQb1c3TTV3L3g2czAvellFdHJ6WVJPQkwxN1VYVEhpWkpGOD0iLCJtYWMiOiIwNzViNTkwY2ZkYWFk" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        0 of 0
        array:1 [ "wayfindertarget" => null ]
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Wed, 26 Feb 2025 06:42:28 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Im9La01GbDQ0Y3UxSG0zdTBXbjBvMUE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoidXBSMVFNVzNCTEVFRzV1ZlpVd1RjRkwwZjlQSUtITVJYRjFEZjRqVjFhWUtPREhCVWdtb2pLSjdRWjA5NXRYdUswamxNdzgzbkp3c2dSU1ZRNXNIY3ZOWTFCUHdERlluMVhYOW1PQ05GZ2ViOWNKbGJkeEh4bk5YbU53MklPNGMiLCJtYWMiOiJjNDRiZTdiZTgxMzA1ZDhlNTk4NWY2MGRhZmUzYmQ4MGM5ODgyZjA1NzVkOGFhZTFiZThjZjczZjM2N2QwYTRlIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Fri, 28 Feb 2025 18:42:28 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Im9La01GbDQ0Y3UxSG0zdTBXbjBvMUE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoidXBSMVFNVzNCTEVFRzV1ZlpVd1RjRkwwZjlQSUtITVJYRjFEZjRqVjFhWUtPREhCVWdtb2pLSjdRWjA5NXRYdUswamxNd" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6ImM5Z0lOanlhQVVuZDBOWkVnOXFIL3c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoid0svWUk3ZWZIM0ZxU0duelFWOUtLbjN6TE5VaUhkWkIvbGIyYVpMUE5NR0x1blNraWJMS1p2azI0R1lPM25TUjBJY1BDeUVqNmZzeVdacmlwbDdKaWNEMkVacDJNZFZBanV4c0w1SGNTUzY2LzhkNFFQaXBZdG5qd1hmQ0xxTkciLCJtYWMiOiJmNzBhMDViODNhNThhZmEyYTc2Y2FmNGNlZDc0MmNlYTJlOTAzODlhODcxNGUzOGY1NDQ2NmM5ZjQ2NDUyMjdhIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6ImM5Z0lOanlhQVVuZDBOWkVnOXFIL3c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoid0svWUk3ZWZIM0ZxU0duelFWOUtLbjN6TE5VaUhkWkIvbGIyYVpMUE5NR0x1blNraWJMS1p2azI" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Im9La01GbDQ0Y3UxSG0zdTBXbjBvMUE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoidXBSMVFNVzNCTEVFRzV1ZlpVd1RjRkwwZjlQSUtITVJYRjFEZjRqVjFhWUtPREhCVWdtb2pLSjdRWjA5NXRYdUswamxNdzgzbkp3c2dSU1ZRNXNIY3ZOWTFCUHdERlluMVhYOW1PQ05GZ2ViOWNKbGJkeEh4bk5YbU53MklPNGMiLCJtYWMiOiJjNDRiZTdiZTgxMzA1ZDhlNTk4NWY2MGRhZmUzYmQ4MGM5ODgyZjA1NzVkOGFhZTFiZThjZjczZjM2N2QwYTRlIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Fri, 28-Feb-2025 18:42:28 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Im9La01GbDQ0Y3UxSG0zdTBXbjBvMUE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoidXBSMVFNVzNCTEVFRzV1ZlpVd1RjRkwwZjlQSUtITVJYRjFEZjRqVjFhWUtPREhCVWdtb2pLSjdRWjA5NXRYdUswamxNd" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6ImM5Z0lOanlhQVVuZDBOWkVnOXFIL3c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoid0svWUk3ZWZIM0ZxU0duelFWOUtLbjN6TE5VaUhkWkIvbGIyYVpMUE5NR0x1blNraWJMS1p2azI0R1lPM25TUjBJY1BDeUVqNmZzeVdacmlwbDdKaWNEMkVacDJNZFZBanV4c0w1SGNTUzY2LzhkNFFQaXBZdG5qd1hmQ0xxTkciLCJtYWMiOiJmNzBhMDViODNhNThhZmEyYTc2Y2FmNGNlZDc0MmNlYTJlOTAzODlhODcxNGUzOGY1NDQ2NmM5ZjQ2NDUyMjdhIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6ImM5Z0lOanlhQVVuZDBOWkVnOXFIL3c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoid0svWUk3ZWZIM0ZxU0duelFWOUtLbjN6TE5VaUhkWkIvbGIyYVpMUE5NR0x1blNraWJMS1p2azI" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "cwV07BQew7sa2Rp0fPgxpW5dcNC4K6fcwsRoVVF8" "uc_cart_id" => "2db4e5b23a3dcc52316663429e064cba" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/5278" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-26 06:42:28GET/chapter/52781121911