Rare Animals of India

Vulnerable Vultures of India: Population, Ecology and Conservation

Author(s): Amita Kanaujia and Sonika Kushwaha

Pp: 113-144 (32)

DOI: 10.2174/9781608054855113010009

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

India lost millions of them, the loss is irreversible. Vultures, one of the most commonly sighted birds started disappearing from the Indian skies in mid 1990s at an alarming pace. Various reasons were attributed for their decline including destruction of habitat, unavailability of food, use of veterinary drugs such as diclofenac, environmental contaminations, secondary poisoning of vultures, exploitation and persecution, effects of modernization. Aviation authorities deliberately killed vultures to avoid aircraft mishaps. The most affected of all is Gyps species that have declined upto 95-99% in India. There are 22 species of vultures in the world, out of which India abodes 9 species of vultures. Right through the ancient times, vultures have been venerated as an incarnation of supremacy. The body structure of vulture is well customized to its feeding habits. Vultures are considered nature’s most efficient scavengers, perhaps the quickest, cheapest and easiest. This scavenger is the most “sterilized” of the birds of prey, internally as well as externally. Vultures provide the society with a number of ‘services’, most notably disposal of carrion. Such eco-services have a correlation with human health, economy and ecology. Banning of veterinary drugs and conducting of surveys and research work is a part of vulture conservation. For ensuring self-sustainability of these populations, the urgent need is to educate, inform and involve the localities and children in the awareness of the plight of rare and critically endangered species. The involvement of future generation will surely show positive results.


Keywords: Vultures, Gyps, scavenger, critically endangered, population, decline, habitat, environment, carrion, cattle, food shortage, diclofenac, vulture restaurant, cliffs, juveniles, bundelkhand region, communities, conservation, awareness, monitor.

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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
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      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 314516876 and j.to_ip >=314516876 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739847445 and j.to_date >= 1739847445 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 5058) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 314516876 and j.to_ip >=314516876 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739847445 and j.to_date >= 1739847445 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 5058) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 314516876 and j.to_ip >=314516876 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739847445 and j.to_date >= 1739847445 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 5058)
      590μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 1245 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1739847445 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1739847445 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.1msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 1245
      • 3: 1739847445
      • 4: 1739847445
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='338cd245b4fa969848c68f0e58dbf1b7'
      200μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    20Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        9Bx4oKkss8Y9VgyU9oTnlmmo0hvJukpQwG0lpuyG
        uc_cart_id
        338cd245b4fa969848c68f0e58dbf1b7
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/5058" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/5058
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:17 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "cookie" => array:1 [ 0 => "wayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6ImdpRFVxQXpBZ2taRGdQeU8yS2o3ZFE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoidWx4Q25PczMvdGk1Uno2UmZqZXNIRXdDN0ZWRVErQ0VZRXhnQkhnQm9YQT0iLCJtYWMiOiJjMzMzNGU4MDFkNDZmOTQ2Y2Q5YzZiMTljZWJhNzMwN2MyZWMzNWVjOTE0MmI2YWZkMGUyNjZkYmQwNTViNWIyIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3Dwayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6ImdpRFVxQXpBZ2taRGdQeU8yS2o3ZFE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoidWx4Q25PczMvdGk1Uno2UmZqZXNIRXdDN0ZWRVErQ0VZRXhnQkhnQm9YQT0iLCJtYWMiOiJjMzMzNGU4MDFkNDZm" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        0 of 0
        array:1 [ "wayfindertarget" => null ]
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Tue, 18 Feb 2025 02:57:25 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6InV0YVRqclh0eWpiNWxCemoxTlkzdEE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiRWNVbUlZeWN4ZERpc1UyZHNBdEJhdFFKZU1tbXpOOU1UQ3dabVZVSHdianI2UzMyUWpuRGZXWmtTVC9kdHRlMWZlQTRNVlk3OERMZkI0bTd3NnBPbFlYcjh2QVVWLzA3eHRTbS9uak5PVEVMdHJFazJ6RVh0ZUdqMnhoSVZqOEMiLCJtYWMiOiJlOTAyYzJhOWY0MGI4MWVmODU3Y2JlYTVmM2IxMzViMmNiMWE5NzExNWUwMTE4MTc5NGZjMGExODdiNmFkZGQwIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 20 Feb 2025 14:57:25 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6InV0YVRqclh0eWpiNWxCemoxTlkzdEE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiRWNVbUlZeWN4ZERpc1UyZHNBdEJhdFFKZU1tbXpOOU1UQ3dabVZVSHdianI2UzMyUWpuRGZXWmtTVC9kdHRlMWZlQTRNV" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6ImtGU3hkS0JxaThPTldrSi9rcSs3TFE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiYnlXd0YwVVBuN0w1U2dCaWM0VVRWZzJTdmJzdkZCNDQ0aisyR0h3K2tQYXZ5TjUxOFNobWNsaGhBcG1YbTZYbWJvUnI5elo1YitSZlNNTXZEWHdmMUVTMUhMSDJiZU9vWUZ4YzQ0WnJtOEdZUnorWUdRNG1QNXhuaE1sVGl5Y3giLCJtYWMiOiI2M2ViYjVjY2JmOTQ0MDhjMDFhYTNkYmMwNTAwNDExZjg0YmQ2MTlmZDdlNmIzYWRkZmZlMzA4ZjdmMzBhYjY2IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6ImtGU3hkS0JxaThPTldrSi9rcSs3TFE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiYnlXd0YwVVBuN0w1U2dCaWM0VVRWZzJTdmJzdkZCNDQ0aisyR0h3K2tQYXZ5TjUxOFNobWNsaGh" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6InV0YVRqclh0eWpiNWxCemoxTlkzdEE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiRWNVbUlZeWN4ZERpc1UyZHNBdEJhdFFKZU1tbXpOOU1UQ3dabVZVSHdianI2UzMyUWpuRGZXWmtTVC9kdHRlMWZlQTRNVlk3OERMZkI0bTd3NnBPbFlYcjh2QVVWLzA3eHRTbS9uak5PVEVMdHJFazJ6RVh0ZUdqMnhoSVZqOEMiLCJtYWMiOiJlOTAyYzJhOWY0MGI4MWVmODU3Y2JlYTVmM2IxMzViMmNiMWE5NzExNWUwMTE4MTc5NGZjMGExODdiNmFkZGQwIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 20-Feb-2025 14:57:25 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6InV0YVRqclh0eWpiNWxCemoxTlkzdEE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiRWNVbUlZeWN4ZERpc1UyZHNBdEJhdFFKZU1tbXpOOU1UQ3dabVZVSHdianI2UzMyUWpuRGZXWmtTVC9kdHRlMWZlQTRNV" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6ImtGU3hkS0JxaThPTldrSi9rcSs3TFE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiYnlXd0YwVVBuN0w1U2dCaWM0VVRWZzJTdmJzdkZCNDQ0aisyR0h3K2tQYXZ5TjUxOFNobWNsaGhBcG1YbTZYbWJvUnI5elo1YitSZlNNTXZEWHdmMUVTMUhMSDJiZU9vWUZ4YzQ0WnJtOEdZUnorWUdRNG1QNXhuaE1sVGl5Y3giLCJtYWMiOiI2M2ViYjVjY2JmOTQ0MDhjMDFhYTNkYmMwNTAwNDExZjg0YmQ2MTlmZDdlNmIzYWRkZmZlMzA4ZjdmMzBhYjY2IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6ImtGU3hkS0JxaThPTldrSi9rcSs3TFE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiYnlXd0YwVVBuN0w1U2dCaWM0VVRWZzJTdmJzdkZCNDQ0aisyR0h3K2tQYXZ5TjUxOFNobWNsaGh" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "9Bx4oKkss8Y9VgyU9oTnlmmo0hvJukpQwG0lpuyG" "uc_cart_id" => "338cd245b4fa969848c68f0e58dbf1b7" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/5058" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-18 02:57:25GET/chapter/50581121922