Search for Extrasolar Planets

Author(s): Arnold Hanslmeier

Pp: 108-134 (27)

DOI: 10.2174/9781608054732113010008

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

In this chapter we review the different methods for detection of extrasolar planets. The main problem to find these objects comes form

• planets are smaller than stars,

• they only reflect light from a star,

• seen from a great distance they appear very close to their parent star,

• they mainly radiate in the IR.

The main detection methods are velocity measurements, astrometric measurements, direct imaging, microlensing. Satellite missions such as KEPLER, COROT and GAIA are mentioned. Today, it became even possible to detect exoplanetary atmospheres. Finally, the different types of detected exoplanets are reviewed.

The main message of this chapter is that we are at the beginning to understand under which conditions planets form around stars and how many of these planets could be Earthlike.


Keywords: Exoplanets; Detection of Exoplanets; radial velocity method; Doppler method; microlensing; COROT; KEPLER, GAIA; Exoplanets: atmospheres; Exoplanets: types; spectral lines

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      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316364066 and j.to_ip >=316364066 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740774791 and j.to_date >= 1740774791 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 4826) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316364066 and j.to_ip >=316364066 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740774791 and j.to_date >= 1740774791 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 4826) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316364066 and j.to_ip >=316364066 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740774791 and j.to_date >= 1740774791 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 4826)
      850μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 1190 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1740774791 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1740774791 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.79msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 1190
      • 3: 1740774791
      • 4: 1740774791
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='daec3d79be1ca9fb160d671efa84c762'
      300μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:291
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    2Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        QRsCmbou39QRjpMQP9wkjh529YU9Zf1jNwwZDrTu
        uc_cart_id
        daec3d79be1ca9fb160d671efa84c762
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/4826" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/4826
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:16 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        []
        
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Fri, 28 Feb 2025 20:33:11 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Im1QREFsZFR5enc5L0xGRk44N1BUemc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiNTcrZU9iTjMyV1hZYlJWd3VPWURtbzlYK3dnRDJ0bko2SVBrOVkvRXNGc3lhUDRGb05YREJLaWRUSGVKbDdpY0NWcHYxWjlQbzFoL0hVZWU2SWMxZi9zSlNjUngyZktzUm1qZ204K1U3dVAzd2VpdnRPaG1OZ1dQQjc3d1g1T2EiLCJtYWMiOiIxNTM0OWFmOTZlM2Q4N2E2ZjVkYWVmMzRjOTk0MmNlNDE3YTJlN2IyNzNlZDlhNjg5MmNmYWMyNDI0NzdkNzgyIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Mon, 03 Mar 2025 08:33:11 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Im1QREFsZFR5enc5L0xGRk44N1BUemc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiNTcrZU9iTjMyV1hZYlJWd3VPWURtbzlYK3dnRDJ0bko2SVBrOVkvRXNGc3lhUDRGb05YREJLaWRUSGVKbDdpY0NWcHYxW" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6Ing3MEs2NDQxWEo1ejJRM05QK3NxZUE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoidjRUSzdSd0tHWXFMMHlCUmV6YUpsNUJQNjlZaTIxWWx2b1N6Zm0xTHpHWjNQQjg4WkNGYlcxYXVGc0lUbnNCQWZEaFRPclpRS2xvcGFnaXZrV0Q4YUQ2UElwS3ZpdFVRZ1Q1MjRSUFRBb2o2ZkNuZXZteUQ3NVphZmZLYnZjQXQiLCJtYWMiOiI1Mjk0MjNlZjk2NzM5ODYwZGU0MjhkYThiNjFlNGU3NDIwZmJmNjgxNTMxZmEwN2ZmMzA4NGM0Yjc3YTk0NDllIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6Ing3MEs2NDQxWEo1ejJRM05QK3NxZUE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoidjRUSzdSd0tHWXFMMHlCUmV6YUpsNUJQNjlZaTIxWWx2b1N6Zm0xTHpHWjNQQjg4WkNGYlcxYXV" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Im1QREFsZFR5enc5L0xGRk44N1BUemc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiNTcrZU9iTjMyV1hZYlJWd3VPWURtbzlYK3dnRDJ0bko2SVBrOVkvRXNGc3lhUDRGb05YREJLaWRUSGVKbDdpY0NWcHYxWjlQbzFoL0hVZWU2SWMxZi9zSlNjUngyZktzUm1qZ204K1U3dVAzd2VpdnRPaG1OZ1dQQjc3d1g1T2EiLCJtYWMiOiIxNTM0OWFmOTZlM2Q4N2E2ZjVkYWVmMzRjOTk0MmNlNDE3YTJlN2IyNzNlZDlhNjg5MmNmYWMyNDI0NzdkNzgyIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Mon, 03-Mar-2025 08:33:11 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Im1QREFsZFR5enc5L0xGRk44N1BUemc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiNTcrZU9iTjMyV1hZYlJWd3VPWURtbzlYK3dnRDJ0bko2SVBrOVkvRXNGc3lhUDRGb05YREJLaWRUSGVKbDdpY0NWcHYxW" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6Ing3MEs2NDQxWEo1ejJRM05QK3NxZUE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoidjRUSzdSd0tHWXFMMHlCUmV6YUpsNUJQNjlZaTIxWWx2b1N6Zm0xTHpHWjNQQjg4WkNGYlcxYXVGc0lUbnNCQWZEaFRPclpRS2xvcGFnaXZrV0Q4YUQ2UElwS3ZpdFVRZ1Q1MjRSUFRBb2o2ZkNuZXZteUQ3NVphZmZLYnZjQXQiLCJtYWMiOiI1Mjk0MjNlZjk2NzM5ODYwZGU0MjhkYThiNjFlNGU3NDIwZmJmNjgxNTMxZmEwN2ZmMzA4NGM0Yjc3YTk0NDllIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6Ing3MEs2NDQxWEo1ejJRM05QK3NxZUE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoidjRUSzdSd0tHWXFMMHlCUmV6YUpsNUJQNjlZaTIxWWx2b1N6Zm0xTHpHWjNQQjg4WkNGYlcxYXV" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "QRsCmbou39QRjpMQP9wkjh529YU9Zf1jNwwZDrTu" "uc_cart_id" => "daec3d79be1ca9fb160d671efa84c762" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/4826" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-28 20:33:11GET/chapter/4826112194