Life on Earth

Author(s): Arnold Hanslmeier

Pp: 21-39 (19)

DOI: 10.2174/9781608054732113010004

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

This chapter reviews the origin and evolution of life on Earth. The collapse of an interstellar cloud into a protostar surrounded by a protoplanetary disk is reviewed. The early Earth was extreme hostile to life and first signs of life data from the time 3.8 billion years ago. Abiogenesis is discussed and it is highlighted that the process of evolution was not linear but it came about in several big steps. The idea of panspermia is reviewed. The famous Urey Miller experiment and other experiments are reviewed. Most probably life has started in deep undersea geysers called black smokers. During the last 500 million years, at least five times mass extinction has occurred. Possible astrophysical explanation for this extinction is given. The main message of this chapter is that we still do not completely understand abiogenesis though different possibilities are being discussed such as the synthesis of amino acids in Urey-Miller like environments, or near deep underwater geysers etc.


Keywords: Life; origin of life ; mass extinction; Earth: evolution of life; Earth: Origin; protoplanetary disk; early Earth; panspermia hypothesis; black smokers

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      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59467608 and j.to_ip >=59467608 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740775951 and j.to_date >= 1740775951 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 4823) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59467608 and j.to_ip >=59467608 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740775951 and j.to_date >= 1740775951 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 4823) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59467608 and j.to_ip >=59467608 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740775951 and j.to_date >= 1740775951 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 4823)
      910μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 1190 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1740775951 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1740775951 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.51msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 1190
      • 3: 1740775951
      • 4: 1740775951
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='6795642585d39382e6e3fafc30c568cc'
      350μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:291
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Keywords
    1Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        x885UYX89rxjo12bB3b2HZyjKsckNwpRrt9PJTF3
        uc_cart_id
        6795642585d39382e6e3fafc30c568cc
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/4823" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/4823
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:16 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        []
        
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Fri, 28 Feb 2025 20:52:31 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Im1lbk9zcG90RE9LMlFqS291aHN3L0E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoid0F2ek1NalRpa200d29xcWhKU0RGc0Z5bzJoZnMrSXVCTFRCNHU5WFB5STBXbVQxZVp1NldPSkZOcGQ4dnpLd3BESTRONytQQjc1a2kxM3I3QWtIQ2YyejUvSUN6NEhPd1lCR2VsSzZOcGZpNFJNTEF0cURVc0xJWWFXT1NsQ1YiLCJtYWMiOiIyY2RiZDIwNjBkZWE0YTQ4NWJjMmJhZDhhZmE4OTc5MzY0OTZlNjhiOGUwMjk2YWYzMmEyYzMxODM2NTg2OTRjIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Mon, 03 Mar 2025 08:52:31 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Im1lbk9zcG90RE9LMlFqS291aHN3L0E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoid0F2ek1NalRpa200d29xcWhKU0RGc0Z5bzJoZnMrSXVCTFRCNHU5WFB5STBXbVQxZVp1NldPSkZOcGQ4dnpLd3BESTRON" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IkV3cDZ0VGk2eUZ3aldtZGxEUGtoT3c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoidnk0OVpGTjBWZTdPT3FLbUFrTFcwdmkxRTVjUUgwQlJENDd5a2x4cTVXQzFpZVFmWWxaL1hKRDNtdkNsR040VnhOYmhTcGRNYzh3bUJaSm03OTNGQ1FLTjA5cUVMZjNUQytzbFFZNS9iUlpkdjk0ZUtjNWVjOWUvREc4UmkySUgiLCJtYWMiOiJlNzY1NjEyODFmNzRjNGQxNjFjY2YzMmFhNTQ5N2VhMDM4NmExNzA2MDM5N2IxNjU4YzZhOTZjMGUwMmQ2OWJlIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IkV3cDZ0VGk2eUZ3aldtZGxEUGtoT3c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoidnk0OVpGTjBWZTdPT3FLbUFrTFcwdmkxRTVjUUgwQlJENDd5a2x4cTVXQzFpZVFmWWxaL1hKRDN" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Im1lbk9zcG90RE9LMlFqS291aHN3L0E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoid0F2ek1NalRpa200d29xcWhKU0RGc0Z5bzJoZnMrSXVCTFRCNHU5WFB5STBXbVQxZVp1NldPSkZOcGQ4dnpLd3BESTRONytQQjc1a2kxM3I3QWtIQ2YyejUvSUN6NEhPd1lCR2VsSzZOcGZpNFJNTEF0cURVc0xJWWFXT1NsQ1YiLCJtYWMiOiIyY2RiZDIwNjBkZWE0YTQ4NWJjMmJhZDhhZmE4OTc5MzY0OTZlNjhiOGUwMjk2YWYzMmEyYzMxODM2NTg2OTRjIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Mon, 03-Mar-2025 08:52:31 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Im1lbk9zcG90RE9LMlFqS291aHN3L0E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoid0F2ek1NalRpa200d29xcWhKU0RGc0Z5bzJoZnMrSXVCTFRCNHU5WFB5STBXbVQxZVp1NldPSkZOcGQ4dnpLd3BESTRON" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IkV3cDZ0VGk2eUZ3aldtZGxEUGtoT3c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoidnk0OVpGTjBWZTdPT3FLbUFrTFcwdmkxRTVjUUgwQlJENDd5a2x4cTVXQzFpZVFmWWxaL1hKRDNtdkNsR040VnhOYmhTcGRNYzh3bUJaSm03OTNGQ1FLTjA5cUVMZjNUQytzbFFZNS9iUlpkdjk0ZUtjNWVjOWUvREc4UmkySUgiLCJtYWMiOiJlNzY1NjEyODFmNzRjNGQxNjFjY2YzMmFhNTQ5N2VhMDM4NmExNzA2MDM5N2IxNjU4YzZhOTZjMGUwMmQ2OWJlIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IkV3cDZ0VGk2eUZ3aldtZGxEUGtoT3c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoidnk0OVpGTjBWZTdPT3FLbUFrTFcwdmkxRTVjUUgwQlJENDd5a2x4cTVXQzFpZVFmWWxaL1hKRDN" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "x885UYX89rxjo12bB3b2HZyjKsckNwpRrt9PJTF3" "uc_cart_id" => "6795642585d39382e6e3fafc30c568cc" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/4823" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-28 20:52:31GET/chapter/4823112193