Preventive Female Sex Factors Against The Development of Chronic Liver Disease

Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Females and Males

Author(s): Yosho Fukita, Tsutoshi Asaki, Yoshiki Katakura, Ichiro Shimizu

Pp: 94-106 (13)

DOI: 10.2174/978160805293611201010094

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

Increasing evidence indicates that hepatic fat accumulation is related to hepatic fibrosis, inflammation, apoptosis, and cancer. Males generally have larger visceral fat areas than females. Menopause is associated with a shift towards relatively more fat as well as towards the deposition of more fat in the abdominal region. Estrogen treatment of male-to-female transsexuals can increase the amount of subcutaneous adipose tissue; thus, estrogen changes the male type of visceral fat distribution into a female type of fat accumulation. Visceral fat accumulation arises through enlarged adipocytes, which release adiponectin, leptin, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and fatty acids. Adiponectin inhibits the enlargement of adipocytes and fat accumulation. Adiponectin levels are consistently higher in females than in males. Persistent TNF-α stimuli lead to adipogenesis and impairment of mitochondria in hepatocytes and result in induction of oxidative stress. In experimental studies, when incubated with adiponectin, hepatic stellate cells undergo a number of antifibrogenic changes. Whereas leptin may play a role in the development of hepatic fibrosis. Hepatic steatosis spontaneously becomes evident in an aromatase-deficient mouse. Estrogen replacement reduces hepatic steatosis and restores the impairment in mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation to a wild-type level. In fact, tamoxifen, as an antiestrogen, has been shown to be associated with an increased risk of developing hepatic steatosis and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in non-obese female patients with breast cancer.< /p> < p>Understanding the sex-associated difference is necessary to inform the rational design of treatment strategies directed at visceral obese individuals who may develop from hepatic steatosis to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma.


Keywords: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, visceral fat accumulation, hepatic steatosis, NASH, TNF-α, estrogen, adiponectin, leptin, menopause, metabolic syndrome, BMI, obesity, fatty acid β-oxidation

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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1518
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 873421719 and j.to_ip >=873421719 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740774514 and j.to_date >= 1740774514 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 439) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 873421719 and j.to_ip >=873421719 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740774514 and j.to_date >= 1740774514 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 439) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 873421719 and j.to_ip >=873421719 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740774514 and j.to_date >= 1740774514 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 439)
      1.01msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 821 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1740774514 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1740774514 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.52msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 821
      • 3: 1740774514
      • 4: 1740774514
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='af180d74117a0826f79a4ab871c9bfb5'
      290μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:291
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    13Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        hjcHhNG2yHfzaw9EuWxjBIRxvjn0zlaSFqpvX7jq
        uc_cart_id
        af180d74117a0826f79a4ab871c9bfb5
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/439" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/439
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:17 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "cookie" => array:1 [ 0 => "wayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6ImZUaXg4cVFqZW9KQ0xpekVLZFBDOGc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiTDJhN1BJT1dybURtQ3ZCV3FuQ2JmS1E0UStkYlNCWDhZMFdVNEp0MTNBYz0iLCJtYWMiOiIxYTk3NzVlZjEzN2IwMmI2ZTE1NzIwYTUwZDJiNzY4ZmY0ZDM0ZDRmMTVlNjIzMGY1MzliMDc5YmEwZjIyMjQwIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3Dwayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6ImZUaXg4cVFqZW9KQ0xpekVLZFBDOGc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiTDJhN1BJT1dybURtQ3ZCV3FuQ2JmS1E0UStkYlNCWDhZMFdVNEp0MTNBYz0iLCJtYWMiOiIxYTk3NzVlZjEzN2Iw" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        0 of 0
        array:1 [ "wayfindertarget" => null ]
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Fri, 28 Feb 2025 20:28:34 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IkhxaVQ1QURtYjM3b2pzUkY0SW1rckE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoidnJuV00wYmIzYnBpMzJWZ1lHM0RrMzhOeU40WGZya2wrNmhHZWh3ZGFxR2FHTmMzbkJDS1RUUUhQRzlFcmY0Y1BuNTZyV1VyKzVoVndDREVBblhsVkhwQnYzaXZTaHE2QmJsUDBld0dkR0owbjlKKytyVEUyNmlLTzAramxjTnIiLCJtYWMiOiJjNmQ0NGViZWVmZmI1MDA2OTkxODBkOWM5Y2FiNzEzNjgyZWYyZDA5ODc2YThjY2ZkYmQwMTNiMjZiZWE1ZDE2IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Mon, 03 Mar 2025 08:28:34 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IkhxaVQ1QURtYjM3b2pzUkY0SW1rckE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoidnJuV00wYmIzYnBpMzJWZ1lHM0RrMzhOeU40WGZya2wrNmhHZWh3ZGFxR2FHTmMzbkJDS1RUUUhQRzlFcmY0Y1BuNTZyV" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6ImxrK2tXYUh0MU5OUXdUNWUzejZiblE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiN0xQSi96V3Jnb3NFSjg1MjFqZTNMb0Z0MlhXUUJwWTRhWGl0QndVWko1YmlGcC84ZVZweWJXRmc1ejZISmxLaWFhQTlpNVAxeGRaWGdXdWwrUlRLMXBaMVZYbjJ3aUVTajhiemxCMXM4cndEczNGc2NxOHp0MndralhxN3QxeXUiLCJtYWMiOiJjM2U5N2I4NDRlZDE4NWYyMWNhN2FhNThhOWVmNzQ5OGU0MmM0ZDRmMzhkNzQ5N2IxODUxNzhlYjFiYTFmMjAzIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6ImxrK2tXYUh0MU5OUXdUNWUzejZiblE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiN0xQSi96V3Jnb3NFSjg1MjFqZTNMb0Z0MlhXUUJwWTRhWGl0QndVWko1YmlGcC84ZVZweWJXRmc" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IkhxaVQ1QURtYjM3b2pzUkY0SW1rckE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoidnJuV00wYmIzYnBpMzJWZ1lHM0RrMzhOeU40WGZya2wrNmhHZWh3ZGFxR2FHTmMzbkJDS1RUUUhQRzlFcmY0Y1BuNTZyV1VyKzVoVndDREVBblhsVkhwQnYzaXZTaHE2QmJsUDBld0dkR0owbjlKKytyVEUyNmlLTzAramxjTnIiLCJtYWMiOiJjNmQ0NGViZWVmZmI1MDA2OTkxODBkOWM5Y2FiNzEzNjgyZWYyZDA5ODc2YThjY2ZkYmQwMTNiMjZiZWE1ZDE2IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Mon, 03-Mar-2025 08:28:34 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IkhxaVQ1QURtYjM3b2pzUkY0SW1rckE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoidnJuV00wYmIzYnBpMzJWZ1lHM0RrMzhOeU40WGZya2wrNmhHZWh3ZGFxR2FHTmMzbkJDS1RUUUhQRzlFcmY0Y1BuNTZyV" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6ImxrK2tXYUh0MU5OUXdUNWUzejZiblE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiN0xQSi96V3Jnb3NFSjg1MjFqZTNMb0Z0MlhXUUJwWTRhWGl0QndVWko1YmlGcC84ZVZweWJXRmc1ejZISmxLaWFhQTlpNVAxeGRaWGdXdWwrUlRLMXBaMVZYbjJ3aUVTajhiemxCMXM4cndEczNGc2NxOHp0MndralhxN3QxeXUiLCJtYWMiOiJjM2U5N2I4NDRlZDE4NWYyMWNhN2FhNThhOWVmNzQ5OGU0MmM0ZDRmMzhkNzQ5N2IxODUxNzhlYjFiYTFmMjAzIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6ImxrK2tXYUh0MU5OUXdUNWUzejZiblE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiN0xQSi96V3Jnb3NFSjg1MjFqZTNMb0Z0MlhXUUJwWTRhWGl0QndVWko1YmlGcC84ZVZweWJXRmc" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "hjcHhNG2yHfzaw9EuWxjBIRxvjn0zlaSFqpvX7jq" "uc_cart_id" => "af180d74117a0826f79a4ab871c9bfb5" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/439" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-28 20:28:34GET/chapter/4391121915