Preventive Female Sex Factors Against The Development of Chronic Liver Disease

Pharmacological Effects of Estrogen in Liver Cirrhosis-Induced Portal Hypertension

Author(s): Takato Ueno

Pp: 86-93 (8)

DOI: 10.2174/978160805293611201010086

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

In the livers of humans, cats, and guinea pigs, nerve endings are distributed all over the hepatic lobules. Nerve endings in the intralobular spaces are localized mainly in the Disse spaces, and are oriented towards the hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), sinusoidal endothelial cells (SECs) and hepatocytes. They are especially closely related to HSCs. Various neurotransmitters such as substance P (SP) exist in the nerve endings. In addition, HSCs possess endothelin (ET) and adrenergic receptors, and contract in response to the corresponding agonists. In contrast, nitric oxide (NO) inhibits the contraction of HSCs. HSCs thus appear to be involved in the regulation of hepatic sinusoidal microcirculation by contraction and relaxation. In the cirrhotic liver, intralobular innervation is decreased, but NO is overexpressed in the SECs. These findings indicate that the sinusoidal microcirculation through NO rather than through intralobular innervation may be involved in cirrhotic liver. Moreover, estrogen plays an important role in the enhancement of NO production in the SECs of cirrhotic liver and reduces the portal pressure


Keywords: Liver cirrhosis, portal hypertension, estrogen, 17β-estradiol, vascular tone, hepatic stellate cells, hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells, neurotransmitters, substance P, endothelin, nitric oxide, hepatic blood flow, portal venous pressure

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      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
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      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1465
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
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      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1478
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1518
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 222027364 and j.to_ip >=222027364 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740776185 and j.to_date >= 1740776185 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 438) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 222027364 and j.to_ip >=222027364 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740776185 and j.to_date >= 1740776185 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 438) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 222027364 and j.to_ip >=222027364 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740776185 and j.to_date >= 1740776185 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 438)
      980μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 821 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1740776185 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1740776185 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      2.06msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 821
      • 3: 1740776185
      • 4: 1740776185
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='fe5ee719b3964331d169833b18b410c8'
      330μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:291
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    13Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        EtGcG6lV6VYksRPWC9yEV4uiNDNUW0dZieiTtkpB
        uc_cart_id
        fe5ee719b3964331d169833b18b410c8
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/438" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/438
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:16 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        []
        
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Fri, 28 Feb 2025 20:56:25 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImgyUUU4ZlVnODFNamVGT1pLNm00K0E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiWlRYSENTOCtwZkVtaW1wSk53OU5sY2VMd3BBekVwVlhwM1FVaC9McXoxZ2xGaDlBQk9FTDF1aUFPU2xFQ1pvQ3lJQWtVWFY3RERUWVdZVEEyY1p4NWNsRjI1VlBvajN6cjNRNklybHdrb0ozVDFkT0JtdkZYYzljR0hyV05uYm4iLCJtYWMiOiJiZjU0OTgwOTI1MjI2ZmVhOGU0MjFmMjFjZjBiNTRkNmQ0Y2Q2YTZlY2RlZmZlMmY4MjdlNGVlNDMwMzNiYjU3IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Mon, 03 Mar 2025 08:56:25 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImgyUUU4ZlVnODFNamVGT1pLNm00K0E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiWlRYSENTOCtwZkVtaW1wSk53OU5sY2VMd3BBekVwVlhwM1FVaC9McXoxZ2xGaDlBQk9FTDF1aUFPU2xFQ1pvQ3lJQWtVW" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IkcwdmM0RUEwR2hWUUFCTE1iblYrQ2c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoieDhFWUY4RnA3cHVldldGNElBOFplNUFBTnN5SWptd1RBYzI3LzgxbWs5N2pQdTlLUEdyWC9MMkNJWUZoeHZIcFNxaXhpdkVRUnA3NXE3VjcyaXdIYXJTcTUzbWl4LzNDYXhiZllqMTJBMExJdEVyNUZZa0pqcnBzTGtFdCtpOEEiLCJtYWMiOiJkYWZlNjk5MTMwYzA3MDFkMzQ0ZGY1ZWFjOTQ3OGMwYzk0YTljNzNjYTRkMTE4YjFiMTZlZGIwZDY1NmZkZGZkIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IkcwdmM0RUEwR2hWUUFCTE1iblYrQ2c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoieDhFWUY4RnA3cHVldldGNElBOFplNUFBTnN5SWptd1RBYzI3LzgxbWs5N2pQdTlLUEdyWC9MMkN" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImgyUUU4ZlVnODFNamVGT1pLNm00K0E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiWlRYSENTOCtwZkVtaW1wSk53OU5sY2VMd3BBekVwVlhwM1FVaC9McXoxZ2xGaDlBQk9FTDF1aUFPU2xFQ1pvQ3lJQWtVWFY3RERUWVdZVEEyY1p4NWNsRjI1VlBvajN6cjNRNklybHdrb0ozVDFkT0JtdkZYYzljR0hyV05uYm4iLCJtYWMiOiJiZjU0OTgwOTI1MjI2ZmVhOGU0MjFmMjFjZjBiNTRkNmQ0Y2Q2YTZlY2RlZmZlMmY4MjdlNGVlNDMwMzNiYjU3IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Mon, 03-Mar-2025 08:56:25 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImgyUUU4ZlVnODFNamVGT1pLNm00K0E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiWlRYSENTOCtwZkVtaW1wSk53OU5sY2VMd3BBekVwVlhwM1FVaC9McXoxZ2xGaDlBQk9FTDF1aUFPU2xFQ1pvQ3lJQWtVW" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IkcwdmM0RUEwR2hWUUFCTE1iblYrQ2c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoieDhFWUY4RnA3cHVldldGNElBOFplNUFBTnN5SWptd1RBYzI3LzgxbWs5N2pQdTlLUEdyWC9MMkNJWUZoeHZIcFNxaXhpdkVRUnA3NXE3VjcyaXdIYXJTcTUzbWl4LzNDYXhiZllqMTJBMExJdEVyNUZZa0pqcnBzTGtFdCtpOEEiLCJtYWMiOiJkYWZlNjk5MTMwYzA3MDFkMzQ0ZGY1ZWFjOTQ3OGMwYzk0YTljNzNjYTRkMTE4YjFiMTZlZGIwZDY1NmZkZGZkIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IkcwdmM0RUEwR2hWUUFCTE1iblYrQ2c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoieDhFWUY4RnA3cHVldldGNElBOFplNUFBTnN5SWptd1RBYzI3LzgxbWs5N2pQdTlLUEdyWC9MMkN" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "EtGcG6lV6VYksRPWC9yEV4uiNDNUW0dZieiTtkpB" "uc_cart_id" => "fe5ee719b3964331d169833b18b410c8" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/438" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-28 20:56:25GET/chapter/4381121915