Infrared Thermography Recent Advances and Future Trends

Origin and Theory of Infrared Thermography

Author(s): Carosena Meola

Pp: 3-28 (26)

DOI: 10.2174/978160805143411201010003

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

The intention of this chapter is to trace the origin of infrared thermography (IRT) and to supply its theoretical basis. The speech goes through the milestones by eminent scientists and is supported by the most important basic relationships. The reader is also plunged into radiation mechanisms which are fundamental as starting points for comprehension and then application of infrared thermography. A section is devoted to detector’ technology with a description of the basic features, which should be taken into account for the choice of the most appropriate equipment for the specific application. The main historical steps in detector’ development are also traced owing to the dynamic evolution of the infrared devices. Indeed, following the technological progress, the performance of infrared devices improves ever more, leading to novel applications.


Keywords: Infrared thermography, origin of infrared thermography, basics of infrared radiation, radiation mechanisms, technology of infrared detectors, infrared detectors performance, behavior of materials in the infrared spectrum, materials emittance, surface emissivity.

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      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59397798 and j.to_ip >=59397798 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739937677 and j.to_date >= 1739937677 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 4144) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59397798 and j.to_ip >=59397798 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739937677 and j.to_date >= 1739937677 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 4144) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59397798 and j.to_ip >=59397798 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739937677 and j.to_date >= 1739937677 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 4144)
      790μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 1091 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1739937677 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1739937677 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.52msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 1091
      • 3: 1739937677
      • 4: 1739937677
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='08768b4ad7bd8c40da761c25fb320e95'
      260μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    9Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        1d4iTVFqxSD5FxJeckySNE8sKjx6pVBMCqZ4IMXa
        uc_cart_id
        08768b4ad7bd8c40da761c25fb320e95
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/4144" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/4144
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:16 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        []
        
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Wed, 19 Feb 2025 04:01:17 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6InFGUGNGNWdUeVRoamZ2MDA1UDcrZ1E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiVnJLdWtTanpFZUpwRFBNVFhJM0xySUFoditNSStmT1pJbzBUcmFQYUVOMXBoaHJSU3N3R21YOWxCalFrOWFuL0dYSmRLcDRqaDNHQlB3ZGxWMzhOcTlqUXczRVZSUGZYSjAwQWplNUJkOWdML1pmTmpTWk4zRFdSdUxISVdPNXYiLCJtYWMiOiJhNzliOWI2OGJhNDZjZDJkY2FlNjgwYWRlZDJjOThlMTgxNzUxNmJhODZhODhhNTZiMTcwN2RkNDg4ZmIyY2E4IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Fri, 21 Feb 2025 16:01:17 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6InFGUGNGNWdUeVRoamZ2MDA1UDcrZ1E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiVnJLdWtTanpFZUpwRFBNVFhJM0xySUFoditNSStmT1pJbzBUcmFQYUVOMXBoaHJSU3N3R21YOWxCalFrOWFuL0dYSmRLc" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6ImtBdExoWDV3b09lRm1qMnJ3anBqMlE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiVnlLQzc5Z3ZHc1Q0Um5Ccm9ETUc0TmNROEZJZUMwdThTTDJGTGFGelZmVmc1b3BXemdPTDlNb1V3eE5PSklpZFM0OTVhdVpDRWhnWFBjTHJ1cnprb281ZlZSaUZ0c2RRZkVTS1dWbW5zRldQMHowWm15TUcwMWhQYWMwSVR5cVgiLCJtYWMiOiJhMzJmZTlkZGU0OGIxNGViNjRlMzcxMWM1ZDA0NjQ2ZTNiYWQ5ZThmY2NkYmIzZTllNjIzN2EyMjVkYmI5YzA5IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6ImtBdExoWDV3b09lRm1qMnJ3anBqMlE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiVnlLQzc5Z3ZHc1Q0Um5Ccm9ETUc0TmNROEZJZUMwdThTTDJGTGFGelZmVmc1b3BXemdPTDlNb1V" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6InFGUGNGNWdUeVRoamZ2MDA1UDcrZ1E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiVnJLdWtTanpFZUpwRFBNVFhJM0xySUFoditNSStmT1pJbzBUcmFQYUVOMXBoaHJSU3N3R21YOWxCalFrOWFuL0dYSmRLcDRqaDNHQlB3ZGxWMzhOcTlqUXczRVZSUGZYSjAwQWplNUJkOWdML1pmTmpTWk4zRFdSdUxISVdPNXYiLCJtYWMiOiJhNzliOWI2OGJhNDZjZDJkY2FlNjgwYWRlZDJjOThlMTgxNzUxNmJhODZhODhhNTZiMTcwN2RkNDg4ZmIyY2E4IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Fri, 21-Feb-2025 16:01:17 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6InFGUGNGNWdUeVRoamZ2MDA1UDcrZ1E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiVnJLdWtTanpFZUpwRFBNVFhJM0xySUFoditNSStmT1pJbzBUcmFQYUVOMXBoaHJSU3N3R21YOWxCalFrOWFuL0dYSmRLc" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6ImtBdExoWDV3b09lRm1qMnJ3anBqMlE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiVnlLQzc5Z3ZHc1Q0Um5Ccm9ETUc0TmNROEZJZUMwdThTTDJGTGFGelZmVmc1b3BXemdPTDlNb1V3eE5PSklpZFM0OTVhdVpDRWhnWFBjTHJ1cnprb281ZlZSaUZ0c2RRZkVTS1dWbW5zRldQMHowWm15TUcwMWhQYWMwSVR5cVgiLCJtYWMiOiJhMzJmZTlkZGU0OGIxNGViNjRlMzcxMWM1ZDA0NjQ2ZTNiYWQ5ZThmY2NkYmIzZTllNjIzN2EyMjVkYmI5YzA5IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6ImtBdExoWDV3b09lRm1qMnJ3anBqMlE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiVnlLQzc5Z3ZHc1Q0Um5Ccm9ETUc0TmNROEZJZUMwdThTTDJGTGFGelZmVmc1b3BXemdPTDlNb1V" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "1d4iTVFqxSD5FxJeckySNE8sKjx6pVBMCqZ4IMXa" "uc_cart_id" => "08768b4ad7bd8c40da761c25fb320e95" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/4144" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-19 04:01:17GET/chapter/41441121911