Biotechnological Production of Plant Secondary Metabolites

Cardenolide Production as an Important Drug Agent

Author(s): Sebnem Harput U.

Pp: 187-199 (13)

DOI: 10.2174/978160805114411201010187

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

Leaves of Digitalis plants are still the major source for the isolation of cardenolides, especially digitoxin and digoxin that are used to treat cardiac insufficiency in humans. Cardenolides are characterized by a steroid nucleus with its four rings connected cis– trans–cis, having a 14β-hydroxy group and an unsaturated five-membered lactone ring at C-17β. Typically, sugar side chains of variable length are attached at position C-3 of the cardenolide genins. The use of tissue cultures for the production of cardenolides was examined quite extensively, using suspension cultures; morphogenic or embryogenic cell cultures as well as shoot or root cultures. It is important to found that cell cultures without clear tissue or organ differentiation (undifferentiated cultures) were found to be unable to produce considerable amounts of cardenolides, whereas cardenolide biosynthesis is restored as soon as morphogenesis is induced. In addition, most workers have reported that undifferentiated cultured cells either did not produce cardenolides or contained only trace amounts of it. However organredifferentiating cultures have reported to accumulate considerable amounts of cardenolides. The influence of light, phytohormones and nutrients on the production of cardenolides in Digitalis cultures was examined extensively in different studies. Expression of the cardenolide-biosynthesis system connected with differentiation of cells, different enzymes involved in biosynthesis, condition of plant tissue cultures and effect of several plant growth substances on cardenolide formation will be discussed together with the current expression systems used for the industrial production.


Keywords: Digitalis, cardiotonic glycosides, cardenolides, plant cell culture, biotransformation, digitoxin, digoxin, biosynthesis, molecular data, genomic cloning, bioseparation, CD polymer.

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      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1465
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
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      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1478
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1518
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316870080 and j.to_ip >=316870080 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740513572 and j.to_date >= 1740513572 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 3710) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316870080 and j.to_ip >=316870080 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740513572 and j.to_date >= 1740513572 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 3710) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316870080 and j.to_ip >=316870080 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740513572 and j.to_date >= 1740513572 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 3710)
      700μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 1057 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1740513572 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1740513572 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.14msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 1057
      • 3: 1740513572
      • 4: 1740513572
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='e349c2e9f3e8cebc1e826b2fd63b9bb6'
      240μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    12Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        pOWizOufpjyoMsrXbuOPdWueQwOYQIS9mRuLtVB8
        uc_cart_id
        e349c2e9f3e8cebc1e826b2fd63b9bb6
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/3710" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/3710
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:17 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "cookie" => array:1 [ 0 => "wayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6IjltVDJnN1FFSjF6NEdDVTFHKzlReUE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoibmhjM3NuT29vdGJjVzlTdFVXR2tkZFZ4NDRHNFJYLzZtUmJzeTBHOGF2ND0iLCJtYWMiOiI5YWY5ZmRjZDczZDU2YjdmMmZlMzJkYjhjMGIzNWRlZGJjY2NmNmRmZTAyNGVmZDI3ZTk5NjFmMzgzNzNjZjRhIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3Dwayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6IjltVDJnN1FFSjF6NEdDVTFHKzlReUE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoibmhjM3NuT29vdGJjVzlTdFVXR2tkZFZ4NDRHNFJYLzZtUmJzeTBHOGF2ND0iLCJtYWMiOiI5YWY5ZmRjZDczZDU2" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        0 of 0
        array:1 [ "wayfindertarget" => null ]
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Tue, 25 Feb 2025 19:59:32 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IkFBamlGQ1YrZ3FZb01mTTNQK2xTbnc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoibHdCTk1SQlpVdjIyeU5HUG5ONm40YUNjVzdDYjYvL0NlRzEvMTc5RjdvVmhXUVQvWEQyNW41RHFDKzBob3NFc0ZTZ1dFNUhaZmdPT1p1THdOMzdMNkc3MGY5MVM1ZHVtYVdPWmlsbjVnM3VRcEhZdi9GYmRRK3V0NjZTSWVtenIiLCJtYWMiOiI2MzlhMTJhM2ZjZmY3OTg0ZDNlODZkYjE0ZDRlNDIwMDZlYTFlNmMwMTQwYTY0M2RhZTM3MzEyMGI4ZDA2NDZkIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Fri, 28 Feb 2025 07:59:32 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IkFBamlGQ1YrZ3FZb01mTTNQK2xTbnc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoibHdCTk1SQlpVdjIyeU5HUG5ONm40YUNjVzdDYjYvL0NlRzEvMTc5RjdvVmhXUVQvWEQyNW41RHFDKzBob3NFc0ZTZ1dFN" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6Im8wR29oRTNhQXpGMktrMGJqZmhBWFE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiMmo3aW1IdG0rR3ZTd1lzMHFwNmUySkswS200MDRIanR3eHd3Snd5UW1oNjFVZmE5T2VnYlZqZVJiMWNZYUppdG5RNW4rdTUxK2xOcXN4OWZmdkpqVDZ0T3JtQUtvOUJzV211bURTUkt6ZUFndUlCMmpNc3JZTStyUnVsSU9NaUQiLCJtYWMiOiJjNTFmZWQ0ZmQ2MGI3YTcwNjcwZWY1ZmVmOTA2YmY1NTMwZDQ2MzA0YjE3MWI0Y2VmODhiZGY0OTA5ZTY1ZDE1IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6Im8wR29oRTNhQXpGMktrMGJqZmhBWFE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiMmo3aW1IdG0rR3ZTd1lzMHFwNmUySkswS200MDRIanR3eHd3Snd5UW1oNjFVZmE5T2VnYlZqZVJ" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IkFBamlGQ1YrZ3FZb01mTTNQK2xTbnc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoibHdCTk1SQlpVdjIyeU5HUG5ONm40YUNjVzdDYjYvL0NlRzEvMTc5RjdvVmhXUVQvWEQyNW41RHFDKzBob3NFc0ZTZ1dFNUhaZmdPT1p1THdOMzdMNkc3MGY5MVM1ZHVtYVdPWmlsbjVnM3VRcEhZdi9GYmRRK3V0NjZTSWVtenIiLCJtYWMiOiI2MzlhMTJhM2ZjZmY3OTg0ZDNlODZkYjE0ZDRlNDIwMDZlYTFlNmMwMTQwYTY0M2RhZTM3MzEyMGI4ZDA2NDZkIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Fri, 28-Feb-2025 07:59:32 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IkFBamlGQ1YrZ3FZb01mTTNQK2xTbnc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoibHdCTk1SQlpVdjIyeU5HUG5ONm40YUNjVzdDYjYvL0NlRzEvMTc5RjdvVmhXUVQvWEQyNW41RHFDKzBob3NFc0ZTZ1dFN" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6Im8wR29oRTNhQXpGMktrMGJqZmhBWFE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiMmo3aW1IdG0rR3ZTd1lzMHFwNmUySkswS200MDRIanR3eHd3Snd5UW1oNjFVZmE5T2VnYlZqZVJiMWNZYUppdG5RNW4rdTUxK2xOcXN4OWZmdkpqVDZ0T3JtQUtvOUJzV211bURTUkt6ZUFndUlCMmpNc3JZTStyUnVsSU9NaUQiLCJtYWMiOiJjNTFmZWQ0ZmQ2MGI3YTcwNjcwZWY1ZmVmOTA2YmY1NTMwZDQ2MzA0YjE3MWI0Y2VmODhiZGY0OTA5ZTY1ZDE1IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6Im8wR29oRTNhQXpGMktrMGJqZmhBWFE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiMmo3aW1IdG0rR3ZTd1lzMHFwNmUySkswS200MDRIanR3eHd3Snd5UW1oNjFVZmE5T2VnYlZqZVJ" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "pOWizOufpjyoMsrXbuOPdWueQwOYQIS9mRuLtVB8" "uc_cart_id" => "e349c2e9f3e8cebc1e826b2fd63b9bb6" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/3710" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-25 19:59:32GET/chapter/37101121914