Biotechnological Production of Plant Secondary Metabolites

Biotechnology Approaches and Economic Analysis of Jojoba Natural Products

Author(s): Mohammed A.M. Aly and Aydin Basarir

Pp: 159-175 (17)

DOI: 10.2174/978160805114411201010159

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis (Link) Schneider) is a desert shrub which tolerates saline and alkaline soils and minimal water requirements. Jojoba seed storage lipids are liquid waxes which are esters of long chain monounsaturated fatty acids and alcohols. The oil content of the seed constitutes approximately 40-50% of the seed weight. The liquid wax is of economic importance in industry (machine lubricant) and medicine (e.g. cosmetics and anticancer compounds). Biotechnology approaches can be utilized for jojoba propagation and cloning of genes coding for economically important traits. Micropropagation of jojoba by in vitro seedling culture was achieved. This chapter will discuss the following aspects: 1) Jojoba production and economics, 2) The medicinal metabolites and their health related values, 3) Conventional and non-conventional, biotechnological, approaches to improve and utilize jojoba.


Keywords: Jojoba, Simmondsia chinensis, biotechnology, micropropagation, gene cloning, in vitro seedling culture, fatty acids, somatic embryogenesis, explants, plant growth regulators, precursor, elicitation, molecular markers.

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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
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      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59422581 and j.to_ip >=59422581 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740497967 and j.to_date >= 1740497967 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 3708) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59422581 and j.to_ip >=59422581 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740497967 and j.to_date >= 1740497967 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 3708) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59422581 and j.to_ip >=59422581 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740497967 and j.to_date >= 1740497967 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 3708)
      730μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 1057 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1740497967 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1740497967 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.44msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 1057
      • 3: 1740497967
      • 4: 1740497967
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='5e6d1c5619b3dd58b1dba0ce2fb10ecd'
      280μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    13Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        GOeCQoVpq2d6n4Psk9RXI30Nl02Tw5vqLPlPkaqB
        uc_cart_id
        5e6d1c5619b3dd58b1dba0ce2fb10ecd
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/3708" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/3708
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:17 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "cookie" => array:1 [ 0 => "wayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6InJKTllUaWVyd3pRNFVDV3oveWhWTVE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoib1RwcXVINkhUNFRwZms0MUREaVZmNytGejFieUNCa1ZxNE1lNElKK3lkcz0iLCJtYWMiOiJhMzQwODdkYmRiYzc4NzMxMDkwNTAyYzZmZDQyYTBhM2ViM2IzMzhiZWUzMTc2YmE5NzhhOWY2N2YzNTA4YjQ2IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3Dwayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6InJKTllUaWVyd3pRNFVDV3oveWhWTVE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoib1RwcXVINkhUNFRwZms0MUREaVZmNytGejFieUNCa1ZxNE1lNElKK3lkcz0iLCJtYWMiOiJhMzQwODdkYmRiYzc4" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        0 of 0
        array:1 [ "wayfindertarget" => null ]
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Tue, 25 Feb 2025 15:39:27 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Iko2eFhDdUJBZXliWEl0WmU5ZFZqQlE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiL0R4czlqMWhMb2ZTeW5kVzRRK1hMT0s5aW1KbXpBeHI1NHM2WTZjNHJvcTJSdjZXNFk3SGVyeEQ3Zjh2VFRkc2lBODZPRzlhZUhHQ1lya280WTFkNDZ4OE4rT2c4aW03a2hIS3pGYmVXMGJlOUxpaHZRTlIveFBXZ3lTaUhOYTMiLCJtYWMiOiIyMzQ0YTIwOWYxNTBiMDQ4OTMxMzZmNWE3NTg5YWQ5MGE5NGM4YzViYjcyNjM5MzAyNjM0M2RkNzY4MWQwYzY2IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Fri, 28 Feb 2025 03:39:27 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Iko2eFhDdUJBZXliWEl0WmU5ZFZqQlE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiL0R4czlqMWhMb2ZTeW5kVzRRK1hMT0s5aW1KbXpBeHI1NHM2WTZjNHJvcTJSdjZXNFk3SGVyeEQ3Zjh2VFRkc2lBODZPR" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IklzSk5wSWRUNGRwd1o4U0w4L3lQZFE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoibXlxWXA5K0E0MGp3TWF4WHRXZnBuZ0dFOFFKWVI0eGZTVG52Qk9aTjN1aGJZNUl6bjJ1VGpXMjBSQm5hZmVtM2hTRUtLMUNVTDgxOEhkSHNFSkVDekxIMDZ6aHVxTUo1eEUrNjFpMEZqV1ZxT2JrTk1ZZDVkVnlkWTU0NmhuWU8iLCJtYWMiOiJhODEyYWQ4M2E5MWM0ZGYyOWVjNWY5NzFiZWZjNzM5ZDhiZDdjODExN2QwZjIzN2RiZDE1ZjZiZDllZWUzM2Y4IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IklzSk5wSWRUNGRwd1o4U0w4L3lQZFE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoibXlxWXA5K0E0MGp3TWF4WHRXZnBuZ0dFOFFKWVI0eGZTVG52Qk9aTjN1aGJZNUl6bjJ1VGpXMjB" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Iko2eFhDdUJBZXliWEl0WmU5ZFZqQlE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiL0R4czlqMWhMb2ZTeW5kVzRRK1hMT0s5aW1KbXpBeHI1NHM2WTZjNHJvcTJSdjZXNFk3SGVyeEQ3Zjh2VFRkc2lBODZPRzlhZUhHQ1lya280WTFkNDZ4OE4rT2c4aW03a2hIS3pGYmVXMGJlOUxpaHZRTlIveFBXZ3lTaUhOYTMiLCJtYWMiOiIyMzQ0YTIwOWYxNTBiMDQ4OTMxMzZmNWE3NTg5YWQ5MGE5NGM4YzViYjcyNjM5MzAyNjM0M2RkNzY4MWQwYzY2IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Fri, 28-Feb-2025 03:39:27 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Iko2eFhDdUJBZXliWEl0WmU5ZFZqQlE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiL0R4czlqMWhMb2ZTeW5kVzRRK1hMT0s5aW1KbXpBeHI1NHM2WTZjNHJvcTJSdjZXNFk3SGVyeEQ3Zjh2VFRkc2lBODZPR" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IklzSk5wSWRUNGRwd1o4U0w4L3lQZFE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoibXlxWXA5K0E0MGp3TWF4WHRXZnBuZ0dFOFFKWVI0eGZTVG52Qk9aTjN1aGJZNUl6bjJ1VGpXMjBSQm5hZmVtM2hTRUtLMUNVTDgxOEhkSHNFSkVDekxIMDZ6aHVxTUo1eEUrNjFpMEZqV1ZxT2JrTk1ZZDVkVnlkWTU0NmhuWU8iLCJtYWMiOiJhODEyYWQ4M2E5MWM0ZGYyOWVjNWY5NzFiZWZjNzM5ZDhiZDdjODExN2QwZjIzN2RiZDE1ZjZiZDllZWUzM2Y4IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IklzSk5wSWRUNGRwd1o4U0w4L3lQZFE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoibXlxWXA5K0E0MGp3TWF4WHRXZnBuZ0dFOFFKWVI0eGZTVG52Qk9aTjN1aGJZNUl6bjJ1VGpXMjB" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "GOeCQoVpq2d6n4Psk9RXI30Nl02Tw5vqLPlPkaqB" "uc_cart_id" => "5e6d1c5619b3dd58b1dba0ce2fb10ecd" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/3708" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-25 15:39:27GET/chapter/37081121915