Biotechnological Production of Plant Secondary Metabolites

Bioactive Chemical Constituents and Biotechnological Production of Secondary Metabolites in Amaranthaceae Plants, Gomphreneae Tribe

Author(s): Marcos J. Salvador, Nathalia L. Andreazza, Aislan C.R.F. Pascoal, Paulo S. Pereira, Suzelei C. França, Orghêda L.A.D. Zucchi and Diones A. Dias

Pp: 124-158 (35)

DOI: 10.2174/978160805114411201010124

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

The Amaranthaceae family comprises of many species, which are used in nutrition and in traditional folk medicine for the treatment of several diseases such as infections, inflammation and fever. Gomphrena, Pfaffia and Alternanthera species are used in the extraction of natural pigments such as betaxanthin and betalains for application as food colorants and antioxidants. Pfaffia paniculata (Brazilian ginseng or Suma) has been indicated as a tonic, as well as having aphrodisiac, analgesic, and antidiabetic properties and may act against cancer. Gomphreneae is the major tribe of Amaranthaceae and previous chemical analyses have demonstrated the occurrence of anthraquinones, aurone, betacyanins, betaxanthins, betalains, chromoalkaloids, ecdysteroids, flavonoids, protoalkaloids, saponins, steroids and triterpenes. Biotechnological investigation with Amaranthaceae plants from the Gomphreneae tribe, demonstrated their potential for bioprospection of bioactive natural compounds such as flavonoids, steroids, terpenoides and saponins. Plant cell cultures, nowadays, are an important strategy for bioprospection of natural products. The in vitro large-scale production of bioactive compounds or extracts used as phytotherapics, pharmaceutical products, food additives and cosmetics should be encouraged because of their scientific, economical or ecological importance. Therefore, the present chapter reviews the literature data of the bioactive chemical constituents and biotechnological production of secondary metabolites in Amaranthaceae plants (Gomphreneae tribe), species that have many pharmacological properties and other applications.


Keywords: Traditional folk medicine, Amaranthaceae, Gomphrena, Pfaffia, Alternanthera, secondary metabolites, biological activity, biotechnological production, chemical diversity, chemical composition, saponin, triterpen, flavonoid.

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      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 51359721 and j.to_ip >=51359721 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740496214 and j.to_date >= 1740496214 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 3707) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 51359721 and j.to_ip >=51359721 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740496214 and j.to_date >= 1740496214 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 3707) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 51359721 and j.to_ip >=51359721 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740496214 and j.to_date >= 1740496214 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 3707)
      540μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 1057 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1740496214 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1740496214 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.3msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 1057
      • 3: 1740496214
      • 4: 1740496214
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='c62516f0d04ba47054ed99621c7a0eb3'
      230μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    13Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        BAfatkU2BWmQvfW3RRCA2G7wC1YrKxZOP4ifE3oe
        uc_cart_id
        c62516f0d04ba47054ed99621c7a0eb3
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/3707" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/3707
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:17 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "cookie" => array:1 [ 0 => "wayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6Iit5Vm9tbzU3WlVnRWVtalpKMWZ4eVE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiOWZ4UDg5Q3hlTVljd20xeFFnVHIxOGErQm91L1NXZnFXTVBtK0xBTUJzdz0iLCJtYWMiOiI3ZGRjNmQ3MjMwMTY5N2JkNzA5NGQyZWM5NjI4ZTBlNzYxYmQ0OTlmMWNlMmVlZjJlMDE0MzQxYWVmMWViNDdjIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3Dwayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6Iit5Vm9tbzU3WlVnRWVtalpKMWZ4eVE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiOWZ4UDg5Q3hlTVljd20xeFFnVHIxOGErQm91L1NXZnFXTVBtK0xBTUJzdz0iLCJtYWMiOiI3ZGRjNmQ3MjMwMTY5" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        0 of 0
        array:1 [ "wayfindertarget" => null ]
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Tue, 25 Feb 2025 15:10:14 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IjNEd0dFR3BJbU9ySTVyVWxrbmxEQUE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiT0ppc1p1eEZLOHZYZWhUQ2ZMQks2Q2F4M2RFekloRU1qTEM3UnRnTWNOdHZqR2JvdEtId2VrVWE5NjhhZDV4L2dYOHM0Vk5KUHd6S0plMkx6SUoxVEJENHNyaWNiUW1NZEFvM2w1V1VRaHYrSnBURERob0Z6c1FEbis3dXhQN1oiLCJtYWMiOiJhYWZjMTA5ZDUwNjQ0YzA5MzAxZmNmNjc5ODU2YTg2N2Q2ZDY3NDQ5NmVhNGJjMjY3NTk5Y2E2ZTIzNTU0NTk4IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Fri, 28 Feb 2025 03:10:14 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IjNEd0dFR3BJbU9ySTVyVWxrbmxEQUE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiT0ppc1p1eEZLOHZYZWhUQ2ZMQks2Q2F4M2RFekloRU1qTEM3UnRnTWNOdHZqR2JvdEtId2VrVWE5NjhhZDV4L2dYOHM0V" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6Ik9FcmtTME5mVXZOWE5kR2w2OG5HRXc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiRHcrYUNhdVFBdDJwT1pjNzNHNi96QStiV1BZajM2VU1pVGx6SGpZU2NPSUh1Wkd4dFZaQndMY003SlNJQURPcnRCK0Y1aUYvVk5SNXVkbFlCbW0xK3o0MGh5UTByTVRjd2owYTFpMWE4K21lWWRhMHhTNVdXUEhiSFUwOHY5N04iLCJtYWMiOiI3MDI3YWZlYzExNDJlMzFhNTJiMzYxNDg2YzI5ZmM4MjU5Njg5ZGE2Yzg1ODFkZjliZTQzZmU3ZDRmM2U2ODFiIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6Ik9FcmtTME5mVXZOWE5kR2w2OG5HRXc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiRHcrYUNhdVFBdDJwT1pjNzNHNi96QStiV1BZajM2VU1pVGx6SGpZU2NPSUh1Wkd4dFZaQndMY00" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IjNEd0dFR3BJbU9ySTVyVWxrbmxEQUE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiT0ppc1p1eEZLOHZYZWhUQ2ZMQks2Q2F4M2RFekloRU1qTEM3UnRnTWNOdHZqR2JvdEtId2VrVWE5NjhhZDV4L2dYOHM0Vk5KUHd6S0plMkx6SUoxVEJENHNyaWNiUW1NZEFvM2w1V1VRaHYrSnBURERob0Z6c1FEbis3dXhQN1oiLCJtYWMiOiJhYWZjMTA5ZDUwNjQ0YzA5MzAxZmNmNjc5ODU2YTg2N2Q2ZDY3NDQ5NmVhNGJjMjY3NTk5Y2E2ZTIzNTU0NTk4IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Fri, 28-Feb-2025 03:10:14 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IjNEd0dFR3BJbU9ySTVyVWxrbmxEQUE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiT0ppc1p1eEZLOHZYZWhUQ2ZMQks2Q2F4M2RFekloRU1qTEM3UnRnTWNOdHZqR2JvdEtId2VrVWE5NjhhZDV4L2dYOHM0V" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6Ik9FcmtTME5mVXZOWE5kR2w2OG5HRXc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiRHcrYUNhdVFBdDJwT1pjNzNHNi96QStiV1BZajM2VU1pVGx6SGpZU2NPSUh1Wkd4dFZaQndMY003SlNJQURPcnRCK0Y1aUYvVk5SNXVkbFlCbW0xK3o0MGh5UTByTVRjd2owYTFpMWE4K21lWWRhMHhTNVdXUEhiSFUwOHY5N04iLCJtYWMiOiI3MDI3YWZlYzExNDJlMzFhNTJiMzYxNDg2YzI5ZmM4MjU5Njg5ZGE2Yzg1ODFkZjliZTQzZmU3ZDRmM2U2ODFiIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6Ik9FcmtTME5mVXZOWE5kR2w2OG5HRXc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiRHcrYUNhdVFBdDJwT1pjNzNHNi96QStiV1BZajM2VU1pVGx6SGpZU2NPSUh1Wkd4dFZaQndMY00" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "BAfatkU2BWmQvfW3RRCA2G7wC1YrKxZOP4ifE3oe" "uc_cart_id" => "c62516f0d04ba47054ed99621c7a0eb3" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/3707" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-25 15:10:14GET/chapter/37071121915