Yeast-Hypha Dimorphism in Zygomycetous Fungi

Author(s): V. Ghormade, E. Pathan and M. V. Deshpande

Pp: 87-104 (18)

DOI: 10.2174/978160805364311201010087

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

The zygomycetous fungi occupy many important niches with impact on humans. To list a few, biocatalysts to produce steroids, organic acids, β-carotene, a variety of fermentation products, sources for chitosan and other polymers, biocontrol of insect pest and causative agents of mycoses and storage decays. The zygomycetes are also one of the important tools for recombinant studies. This group consists of ten orders, 32 families, around 124 genera, and 870 species. Earlier, a distinct characteristic viz. the reversible transition between the yeast and hyphal form, was reported in genera Mucor, Cokeromyces and Mycotypha. Similar transitions or giant cell formation now have been reported in other zygomycetes such as Benjaminiella, Rhizopus, Absidia, Chytridiopsis and others. The environmental perturbations triggering vegetative differentiation in different genera and cause-effect relationship of enzymes involved in ammonia assimilation, cell wall synthesis and degradation and other pathways will be discussed. Furthermore, to understand the molecular mechanism underlying this phenomenon the role of different genes such as ornithine decarboxylase, glutamate dehydrogenase, chitin synthase, actin, tubulin and others will be explored. The issues regarding the positioning of dimorphic zygomycetes in the evolution of fungi will also be addressed. The possibility of the use of dimorphism of zygomycetes for various applications will also be given.


Keywords: Benjaminiella, chitin deacetylase, chitin synthase, glutamate dehydrogenase, Mucor, ornithine decarboxylase, polyamines, yeast-hypha transition, zygomycota, dimorphism, differentiation cell wall.

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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
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      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59765840 and j.to_ip >=59765840 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740676442 and j.to_date >= 1740676442 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 3670) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59765840 and j.to_ip >=59765840 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740676442 and j.to_date >= 1740676442 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 3670) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59765840 and j.to_ip >=59765840 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740676442 and j.to_date >= 1740676442 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 3670)
      880μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 1054 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1740676442 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1740676442 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.53msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 1054
      • 3: 1740676442
      • 4: 1740676442
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='942e74c5c348bb8680730ce68e1b2e3b'
      310μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    11Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        9q2B4TNGT5U9Tjgp7e5bvx02RYXmcS6oV1O5TG6h
        uc_cart_id
        942e74c5c348bb8680730ce68e1b2e3b
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/3670" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/3670
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:17 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "cookie" => array:1 [ 0 => "wayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6Ims0ZGt3RUxVcXVxQXVsTmloYjNpVHc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiVFRWN21FV0s0Smp6cTRTeXZzdGVicE1yVHFuWnRWdjRlKzRLWHltcnFqST0iLCJtYWMiOiJjMTA1NjAxZjVlNjA3NTViZTZhYmJiMDk4NDM2OGM3MjU5NzNmODlhYmQ1N2Q4YmM2ZTMzNTc5MGQ1M2EwYzRmIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3Dwayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6Ims0ZGt3RUxVcXVxQXVsTmloYjNpVHc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiVFRWN21FV0s0Smp6cTRTeXZzdGVicE1yVHFuWnRWdjRlKzRLWHltcnFqST0iLCJtYWMiOiJjMTA1NjAxZjVlNjA3" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        0 of 0
        array:1 [ "wayfindertarget" => null ]
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Thu, 27 Feb 2025 17:14:02 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IjlEaHJTTk1UbndsbUpaV3YyeG1pWGc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiUmtiY3Jnem1haTNYSk9MZ29lL0U0M3ozVDg1ODd3dytjUTdTZklsZ2VYNGw2ZzFWOHlCemMyeVpqdDZ4ZU1wemlCd3BRT2dTd2NETzZRalJzb013U2psT3ozazZRVnBsUTJNTHM4SXo3QTBlWkM2M3luQnFwWkszeGFUdzNPRkUiLCJtYWMiOiI2MTY4NDRkODE0ZWM4N2Q5MDU0NDVmMTZkYTQ4YWU1ODI3ODBiNmM1MmQ0N2E2YzIxYzkyNGJjZDgyNDI0MjUwIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Sun, 02 Mar 2025 05:14:02 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IjlEaHJTTk1UbndsbUpaV3YyeG1pWGc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiUmtiY3Jnem1haTNYSk9MZ29lL0U0M3ozVDg1ODd3dytjUTdTZklsZ2VYNGw2ZzFWOHlCemMyeVpqdDZ4ZU1wemlCd3BRT" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6InlGclVZdGVIci9Mc1EzYmV6WHNBTkE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiV0lnQlV5THh3MGlycGlFS1gyMHpVRWpOdWNwTXFUN09LYVl5UlZ3SURrRUtjZUI3WEtCYXBiTDU5OXpEbHRFaVZWaEl0bVNVdEkwdzd0SGdScUhPNWU3ZU12NHRMekI0V0FsdTR5YjU1SVo0dmZkbmwxenRkQU5XWkhmU1Q1U0UiLCJtYWMiOiJmYTJlZjQyZGYwZmI3MTk0MDUwN2JlNjgzM2JmNzRkZDhjYmRmZDM3ZjI4M2ZkMWY2YmRhMDNiOTQzYzc5ZTk4IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6InlGclVZdGVIci9Mc1EzYmV6WHNBTkE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiV0lnQlV5THh3MGlycGlFS1gyMHpVRWpOdWNwTXFUN09LYVl5UlZ3SURrRUtjZUI3WEtCYXBiTDU" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IjlEaHJTTk1UbndsbUpaV3YyeG1pWGc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiUmtiY3Jnem1haTNYSk9MZ29lL0U0M3ozVDg1ODd3dytjUTdTZklsZ2VYNGw2ZzFWOHlCemMyeVpqdDZ4ZU1wemlCd3BRT2dTd2NETzZRalJzb013U2psT3ozazZRVnBsUTJNTHM4SXo3QTBlWkM2M3luQnFwWkszeGFUdzNPRkUiLCJtYWMiOiI2MTY4NDRkODE0ZWM4N2Q5MDU0NDVmMTZkYTQ4YWU1ODI3ODBiNmM1MmQ0N2E2YzIxYzkyNGJjZDgyNDI0MjUwIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Sun, 02-Mar-2025 05:14:02 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IjlEaHJTTk1UbndsbUpaV3YyeG1pWGc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiUmtiY3Jnem1haTNYSk9MZ29lL0U0M3ozVDg1ODd3dytjUTdTZklsZ2VYNGw2ZzFWOHlCemMyeVpqdDZ4ZU1wemlCd3BRT" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6InlGclVZdGVIci9Mc1EzYmV6WHNBTkE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiV0lnQlV5THh3MGlycGlFS1gyMHpVRWpOdWNwTXFUN09LYVl5UlZ3SURrRUtjZUI3WEtCYXBiTDU5OXpEbHRFaVZWaEl0bVNVdEkwdzd0SGdScUhPNWU3ZU12NHRMekI0V0FsdTR5YjU1SVo0dmZkbmwxenRkQU5XWkhmU1Q1U0UiLCJtYWMiOiJmYTJlZjQyZGYwZmI3MTk0MDUwN2JlNjgzM2JmNzRkZDhjYmRmZDM3ZjI4M2ZkMWY2YmRhMDNiOTQzYzc5ZTk4IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6InlGclVZdGVIci9Mc1EzYmV6WHNBTkE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiV0lnQlV5THh3MGlycGlFS1gyMHpVRWpOdWNwTXFUN09LYVl5UlZ3SURrRUtjZUI3WEtCYXBiTDU" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "9q2B4TNGT5U9Tjgp7e5bvx02RYXmcS6oV1O5TG6h" "uc_cart_id" => "942e74c5c348bb8680730ce68e1b2e3b" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/3670" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-27 17:14:02GET/chapter/36701121913