Manual of Child Neurology: Problem Based Approach to Common Disorders

Acute Hemiplegia

Author(s): Mohammed M. S. Jan

Pp: 90-93 (4)

DOI: 10.2174/978160805022211201010090

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

Stroke is defined as a rapidly developing clinical signs of focal or global disturbance of cerebral functions with symptoms lasting 24 hr or longer or leading to death with no apparent cause other than of vascular origin. Childhood stroke is increasingly recognized with an incidence exceeding 3.3 in 100, 000 children per year, more than double the estimates from past decades. The risk factors for ischemic stroke in children are diverse and challenging. The most common cause of ischemic stroke in children is thrombotic vessel occlusion. Risk factors include prothrombin 20210G-A (PT20210) mutation, factor V Leiden 1691 G-A mutation, and hereditary deficiencies of protein S, protein C, and antithrombin III. Recently, another thrombophilic factor has been described, that is, an elevated level of factor VIII procoagulant activity. Cardio-embolic causes are amongst the most important to identify early in order to prevent recurrence. Spastic hemiplegia can also be an initial manifestation of a number of metabolic or degenerative disorders such as Metachromatic leukodystrophy, Adrenoleukodystrophy, Leigh disease, MELAS, Sneddon syndrome, Homocystinuria, Fabry disease, and Menkes disease. Finally, inherited dyslipidemic states can occur rarely in children resulting in atherosclerotic disease. Many of these disorders have a distinct inheritance patterns and specific defects. Establishing such specific diagnoses will be therefore extremely important for providing appropriate therapy, prognosis, and genetic counseling.


Keywords: Muscle, Weakness, Hypotonia, Paralysis, Hemiplegia, Stroke, Thrombosis, Embolism, MRA, Angiography, Physiotherapy.

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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1518
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59134794 and j.to_ip >=59134794 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739834429 and j.to_date >= 1739834429 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 3572) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59134794 and j.to_ip >=59134794 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739834429 and j.to_date >= 1739834429 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 3572) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59134794 and j.to_ip >=59134794 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739834429 and j.to_date >= 1739834429 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 3572)
      540μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 1048 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1739834429 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1739834429 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.04msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 1048
      • 3: 1739834429
      • 4: 1739834429
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='7173a9401e48213d5e6b2666c57ddc1e'
      190μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    11Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        IgQIcyb4hdwxxK48HleBvgEaI0DKtfHZ5tXRrKIK
        uc_cart_id
        7173a9401e48213d5e6b2666c57ddc1e
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/3572" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/3572
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:17 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "cookie" => array:1 [ 0 => "wayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6Ik1WeGJhY25kMnloc2Jvb1VJVGl5cVE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiNGR6R0lWdkovYVpxS3NJOWxwNkFWTStmaXhkT1kzcjBtd0lRU3BXU1ZkQT0iLCJtYWMiOiJiZGViYmY0ZTdlMjk1ZjdjOThlMjk3MDQ1NWIzYjdhN2FjY2VjZjQ3OWM5YmEzMTNhMmQxOWE2MDg4ZWUxZmJmIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3Dwayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6Ik1WeGJhY25kMnloc2Jvb1VJVGl5cVE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiNGR6R0lWdkovYVpxS3NJOWxwNkFWTStmaXhkT1kzcjBtd0lRU3BXU1ZkQT0iLCJtYWMiOiJiZGViYmY0ZTdlMjk1" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        0 of 0
        array:1 [ "wayfindertarget" => null ]
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mon, 17 Feb 2025 23:20:29 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IkgzOVliNkpjd1Vra0w3dnZHeDEra0E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZG9OOEhKUW8xazljWlVSWENPdnVxUzFzakxldER3R2t2a3NVdGMrNmt1eHB5anJQSXNTcFFsd3NRL2JiSnNQZzdpOHd6QlFsTUZwb1VNMDQ4enVzU2l2UXlsTEZPK2ViNUdaOEJnblJubHN1MmREVDU1OGJ2WlF5TlJjLytHN1oiLCJtYWMiOiIxYzBlZDlhMGFkNTgwNmZlYThiNjg3M2Y0ZmZkMzZkZWQxNGEzMGNiZmFlYWZiOTU1OWI2MGMxYTYxYzgzMGM3IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 20 Feb 2025 11:20:29 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IkgzOVliNkpjd1Vra0w3dnZHeDEra0E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZG9OOEhKUW8xazljWlVSWENPdnVxUzFzakxldER3R2t2a3NVdGMrNmt1eHB5anJQSXNTcFFsd3NRL2JiSnNQZzdpOHd6Q" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6ImxtUXYzd0dEaGpBWmZ0bVUwZmpKc1E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoieVlhbXUvV0lma1FQTWJYTS85K2VUZXd6UWtOQ2taS0hQZElXTDNVTTJZTXBGNjBuR20vL2JTSE0zVTJtdURsc0x5aC9qbVYxVDRFYmx6NzRYZDRUU0o2Zk1qRlU5QkQrTDNQa2RYNUNZaUwwdFdLUkFwY3NkRFBpN1FualY1c08iLCJtYWMiOiJlOTU4MjkyM2RhMzM2ZTVmNTdhZGU4Y2I2M2RjZTZhODg1ZDU1M2U3YjJiZjI0ZWNiODMyZGYwZDIwZjlmYTNmIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6ImxtUXYzd0dEaGpBWmZ0bVUwZmpKc1E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoieVlhbXUvV0lma1FQTWJYTS85K2VUZXd6UWtOQ2taS0hQZElXTDNVTTJZTXBGNjBuR20vL2JTSE0" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IkgzOVliNkpjd1Vra0w3dnZHeDEra0E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZG9OOEhKUW8xazljWlVSWENPdnVxUzFzakxldER3R2t2a3NVdGMrNmt1eHB5anJQSXNTcFFsd3NRL2JiSnNQZzdpOHd6QlFsTUZwb1VNMDQ4enVzU2l2UXlsTEZPK2ViNUdaOEJnblJubHN1MmREVDU1OGJ2WlF5TlJjLytHN1oiLCJtYWMiOiIxYzBlZDlhMGFkNTgwNmZlYThiNjg3M2Y0ZmZkMzZkZWQxNGEzMGNiZmFlYWZiOTU1OWI2MGMxYTYxYzgzMGM3IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 20-Feb-2025 11:20:29 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IkgzOVliNkpjd1Vra0w3dnZHeDEra0E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZG9OOEhKUW8xazljWlVSWENPdnVxUzFzakxldER3R2t2a3NVdGMrNmt1eHB5anJQSXNTcFFsd3NRL2JiSnNQZzdpOHd6Q" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6ImxtUXYzd0dEaGpBWmZ0bVUwZmpKc1E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoieVlhbXUvV0lma1FQTWJYTS85K2VUZXd6UWtOQ2taS0hQZElXTDNVTTJZTXBGNjBuR20vL2JTSE0zVTJtdURsc0x5aC9qbVYxVDRFYmx6NzRYZDRUU0o2Zk1qRlU5QkQrTDNQa2RYNUNZaUwwdFdLUkFwY3NkRFBpN1FualY1c08iLCJtYWMiOiJlOTU4MjkyM2RhMzM2ZTVmNTdhZGU4Y2I2M2RjZTZhODg1ZDU1M2U3YjJiZjI0ZWNiODMyZGYwZDIwZjlmYTNmIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6ImxtUXYzd0dEaGpBWmZ0bVUwZmpKc1E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoieVlhbXUvV0lma1FQTWJYTS85K2VUZXd6UWtOQ2taS0hQZElXTDNVTTJZTXBGNjBuR20vL2JTSE0" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "IgQIcyb4hdwxxK48HleBvgEaI0DKtfHZ5tXRrKIK" "uc_cart_id" => "7173a9401e48213d5e6b2666c57ddc1e" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/3572" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-17 23:20:29GET/chapter/35721121913