Integrated Control of Citrus Pests in the Mediterranean Region

Conclusions

Author(s): Uri Gerson, Vincenzo Vacante

Pp: 249-253 (5)

DOI: 10.2174/978160805294311201010249

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

In this concluding Chapter we discuss the importance of several basic steps that can optimize the outcome of a citrus IPM program. In particular, we treat the need for stricter quarantine services and determining the Economic Injury Level (EIL) and Action Threshold (AT) for each pest. We emphasize the need to know more about the direct and indirect effects of the various citrus hosts on the pests and on their natural enemies, about the indirect effects of soil conditions and horticultural practices on pests and their enemies, quantitative estimates of the impact of the natural enemies (or any other IPM program) on pest numbers and (even more important) on yield quantity and quality. We also advocate initiating further in-depth studies on the use of indigenous natural enemies, exploring interactions between suites, or guilds, of natural enemies, and a far more extensive application of molecular tools, all of which could provide support for tracking the results of IPM projects. Finally, we suggest the setting up of a centralized database about citrus pests and their natural enemies in the Mediterranean Region.


Keywords: Citriculture, Mediterranean Region, citrus pests, optimization IPM

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      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 314549955 and j.to_ip >=314549955 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740458378 and j.to_date >= 1740458378 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 354) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 314549955 and j.to_ip >=314549955 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740458378 and j.to_date >= 1740458378 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 354) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 314549955 and j.to_ip >=314549955 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740458378 and j.to_date >= 1740458378 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 354)
      680μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 809 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1740458378 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1740458378 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.12msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 809
      • 3: 1740458378
      • 4: 1740458378
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='f607122bec36a6d507d063ecf78fa8f7'
      240μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    4Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        3AXGQq1nclu7H8wn2TyhjgPTNUxxEEg46ozynEJA
        uc_cart_id
        f607122bec36a6d507d063ecf78fa8f7
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/354" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/354
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:17 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "cookie" => array:1 [ 0 => "wayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6IlV1ME54U1VsUHo1VFJadHpmTGxNTlE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZFNpU2tlRlB1VVlQWldRT2QzUjJtUTYxSE1rN2wrOWluVHNxNTF6ZkNuND0iLCJtYWMiOiI5ZTJkNjIzZTFmMTllNGViMWVjNTNmYjMwN2IzNWE2MTVmNzgxY2E2NTQxYjFkZmQ5Nzk4ZjI2MmRiNDdkOThjIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3Dwayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6IlV1ME54U1VsUHo1VFJadHpmTGxNTlE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZFNpU2tlRlB1VVlQWldRT2QzUjJtUTYxSE1rN2wrOWluVHNxNTF6ZkNuND0iLCJtYWMiOiI5ZTJkNjIzZTFmMTll" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        0 of 0
        array:1 [ "wayfindertarget" => null ]
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Tue, 25 Feb 2025 04:39:38 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IklycVAzbVZtcG9maWVZZi9qaktqeWc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiT0F5MGh0eVBGcS9JczM4ZmhCNkg4MUtrZEROSFdPWjFvUHZyUC9JV2dvaG12aGdraFI4bEVUMTlWSjJ0V09WQ2JwZzhOVWFLakhqSFBxZ3h5QXRjRmwvNUJTRm11OXpVY2RqSU4rYWVlLy81dG5QdHAwNVl0S3JCNVppTUlzNDUiLCJtYWMiOiJlYjhkNzUzNDYxNDIxMjNkM2E5YmJmYzU0OTkwM2JiNzgyNDBhMzkxN2ZiOWYzNGVjN2QwNjY5ZDJhMzVlZDAxIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 27 Feb 2025 16:39:38 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IklycVAzbVZtcG9maWVZZi9qaktqeWc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiT0F5MGh0eVBGcS9JczM4ZmhCNkg4MUtrZEROSFdPWjFvUHZyUC9JV2dvaG12aGdraFI4bEVUMTlWSjJ0V09WQ2JwZzhOV" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6Ijh1UzYzL0tVbllYWnhPMGxtR2R0a2c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiMkNFQXZTL24vSFFFU0o2eXdKdXNhdWY3Tm1YTmc3QWhqaUZqdWNMQUp1RTJVbzNDNzdKR0pQN1k4MkRoNDMrVlBIN0VBcktVKy9xSlVIQnp4S29lL3RRM3VVUWlHcTdZTFdvRjhIS1ZXT0hOc0N5WW5tZk9YZ3F2dk5vamFJd3kiLCJtYWMiOiI3MzM4NTc3YjBhZWM5ZGU3ZmJmYjk3NWQwZjg3NTU4NDBjMmY2MTkxYmMxZDc0MzFiNDYyMzY1NTQ2MWQyZjlmIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6Ijh1UzYzL0tVbllYWnhPMGxtR2R0a2c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiMkNFQXZTL24vSFFFU0o2eXdKdXNhdWY3Tm1YTmc3QWhqaUZqdWNMQUp1RTJVbzNDNzdKR0pQN1k" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IklycVAzbVZtcG9maWVZZi9qaktqeWc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiT0F5MGh0eVBGcS9JczM4ZmhCNkg4MUtrZEROSFdPWjFvUHZyUC9JV2dvaG12aGdraFI4bEVUMTlWSjJ0V09WQ2JwZzhOVWFLakhqSFBxZ3h5QXRjRmwvNUJTRm11OXpVY2RqSU4rYWVlLy81dG5QdHAwNVl0S3JCNVppTUlzNDUiLCJtYWMiOiJlYjhkNzUzNDYxNDIxMjNkM2E5YmJmYzU0OTkwM2JiNzgyNDBhMzkxN2ZiOWYzNGVjN2QwNjY5ZDJhMzVlZDAxIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 27-Feb-2025 16:39:38 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IklycVAzbVZtcG9maWVZZi9qaktqeWc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiT0F5MGh0eVBGcS9JczM4ZmhCNkg4MUtrZEROSFdPWjFvUHZyUC9JV2dvaG12aGdraFI4bEVUMTlWSjJ0V09WQ2JwZzhOV" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6Ijh1UzYzL0tVbllYWnhPMGxtR2R0a2c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiMkNFQXZTL24vSFFFU0o2eXdKdXNhdWY3Tm1YTmc3QWhqaUZqdWNMQUp1RTJVbzNDNzdKR0pQN1k4MkRoNDMrVlBIN0VBcktVKy9xSlVIQnp4S29lL3RRM3VVUWlHcTdZTFdvRjhIS1ZXT0hOc0N5WW5tZk9YZ3F2dk5vamFJd3kiLCJtYWMiOiI3MzM4NTc3YjBhZWM5ZGU3ZmJmYjk3NWQwZjg3NTU4NDBjMmY2MTkxYmMxZDc0MzFiNDYyMzY1NTQ2MWQyZjlmIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6Ijh1UzYzL0tVbllYWnhPMGxtR2R0a2c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiMkNFQXZTL24vSFFFU0o2eXdKdXNhdWY3Tm1YTmc3QWhqaUZqdWNMQUp1RTJVbzNDNzdKR0pQN1k" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "3AXGQq1nclu7H8wn2TyhjgPTNUxxEEg46ozynEJA" "uc_cart_id" => "f607122bec36a6d507d063ecf78fa8f7" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/354" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-25 04:39:38GET/chapter/354112196