Integrated Control of Citrus Pests in the Mediterranean Region

Formicidae

Author(s): Andrea Lentini, Marcello Verdinelli

Pp: 231-241 (11)

DOI: 10.2174/978160805294311201010231

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

The economic importance of the Formicidae (ants) in agriculture is mainly due to their interactions with honeydew-producing Hemipterans, which reduce the abundance of beneficial arthropods in the canopies, thus hindering the biological control of pests. Argentine ant [Linepithema humile (Mayr, 1868)] and native ants (of the genera Camponotus, Formica, Lasius, Pheidole, Plagiolepis, Tapinoma, Tetramorium) are the most common ant species that aggressively protect and attend Hemipterans in the Mediterranean Region. Although many ants occur in citrus groves, very few species directly damage the plants. A brief review of the important species and guidelines for their management in citrus groves are presented.


Keywords: Citriculture, Mediterranean Region, citrus ants, bio-ecology, damage, control

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      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
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      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
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      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1478
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1518
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59424481 and j.to_ip >=59424481 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740675398 and j.to_date >= 1740675398 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 348) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59424481 and j.to_ip >=59424481 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740675398 and j.to_date >= 1740675398 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 348) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59424481 and j.to_ip >=59424481 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740675398 and j.to_date >= 1740675398 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 348)
      830μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 809 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1740675398 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1740675398 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.47msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 809
      • 3: 1740675398
      • 4: 1740675398
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='4ee903d3c4c5edcce28916f85c6536bc'
      560μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    6Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        rGEpCVZGw3DR8sJdIgk4NlUO7uCY6KVvFZiU3PHa
        uc_cart_id
        4ee903d3c4c5edcce28916f85c6536bc
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/348" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/348
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:16 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        []
        
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Thu, 27 Feb 2025 16:56:38 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IktpcFZqQ2pQT3NSb1E0UHBUN25QV2c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiR2poVHdXS1BRLzlFVlc0ZGxTVEZvd3pwbDlhMnpZck1zcTYyM2MrOWVUVytFYXovWkJidzlvZ3pnZ2VkMVFpbUY0M3BUMmNmdmExK3duUjdsczNkcjA2bG1YcjBaUzZpWWFaNTdDczRQdzJkdVQ1elg4cG5WWlVSY1FYd21BamkiLCJtYWMiOiIxZGFjMDAyODViNmJmMmNhM2JhMDAyZWY1NGRjMDhlMGMxYWRjNTMzNzM3YTNmYzRlNzMwZDliYmNhMTQ2OTZiIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Sun, 02 Mar 2025 04:56:38 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IktpcFZqQ2pQT3NSb1E0UHBUN25QV2c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiR2poVHdXS1BRLzlFVlc0ZGxTVEZvd3pwbDlhMnpZck1zcTYyM2MrOWVUVytFYXovWkJidzlvZ3pnZ2VkMVFpbUY0M3BUM" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IlJ4UDZRdkR1SHBHWk1tdWFyN2lQZnc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiUFhSK0ljZ3dPMFpkOFNaRDV2N295RExFR3dBUXB6QkF0alp5dVd5K1FHUTVTL29XTWJ4SUZtVjJuaFMrWFpIU2lyQ3BZMEJnbmYrWXpTQ1FTd2hsM0pjUWw4Z2YvODJhNzhxSjl1dHZZSWpQcmNLdEQrYnFueUFmRU45STYrOUkiLCJtYWMiOiIwMzNkNWI0NTk3YzE4YjdhYThmMzM1MDllNzZjNzRhZTc0ODYzMjM2ZTE0NTlkNjAwOGFhYjVmMDBlNGE0NTI1IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IlJ4UDZRdkR1SHBHWk1tdWFyN2lQZnc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiUFhSK0ljZ3dPMFpkOFNaRDV2N295RExFR3dBUXB6QkF0alp5dVd5K1FHUTVTL29XTWJ4SUZtVjJ" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IktpcFZqQ2pQT3NSb1E0UHBUN25QV2c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiR2poVHdXS1BRLzlFVlc0ZGxTVEZvd3pwbDlhMnpZck1zcTYyM2MrOWVUVytFYXovWkJidzlvZ3pnZ2VkMVFpbUY0M3BUMmNmdmExK3duUjdsczNkcjA2bG1YcjBaUzZpWWFaNTdDczRQdzJkdVQ1elg4cG5WWlVSY1FYd21BamkiLCJtYWMiOiIxZGFjMDAyODViNmJmMmNhM2JhMDAyZWY1NGRjMDhlMGMxYWRjNTMzNzM3YTNmYzRlNzMwZDliYmNhMTQ2OTZiIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Sun, 02-Mar-2025 04:56:38 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IktpcFZqQ2pQT3NSb1E0UHBUN25QV2c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiR2poVHdXS1BRLzlFVlc0ZGxTVEZvd3pwbDlhMnpZck1zcTYyM2MrOWVUVytFYXovWkJidzlvZ3pnZ2VkMVFpbUY0M3BUM" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IlJ4UDZRdkR1SHBHWk1tdWFyN2lQZnc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiUFhSK0ljZ3dPMFpkOFNaRDV2N295RExFR3dBUXB6QkF0alp5dVd5K1FHUTVTL29XTWJ4SUZtVjJuaFMrWFpIU2lyQ3BZMEJnbmYrWXpTQ1FTd2hsM0pjUWw4Z2YvODJhNzhxSjl1dHZZSWpQcmNLdEQrYnFueUFmRU45STYrOUkiLCJtYWMiOiIwMzNkNWI0NTk3YzE4YjdhYThmMzM1MDllNzZjNzRhZTc0ODYzMjM2ZTE0NTlkNjAwOGFhYjVmMDBlNGE0NTI1IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IlJ4UDZRdkR1SHBHWk1tdWFyN2lQZnc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiUFhSK0ljZ3dPMFpkOFNaRDV2N295RExFR3dBUXB6QkF0alp5dVd5K1FHUTVTL29XTWJ4SUZtVjJ" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "rGEpCVZGw3DR8sJdIgk4NlUO7uCY6KVvFZiU3PHa" "uc_cart_id" => "4ee903d3c4c5edcce28916f85c6536bc" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/348" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-27 16:56:38GET/chapter/348112198