Integrated Control of Citrus Pests in the Mediterranean Region

Coccidae

Author(s): Apostolos Kapranas

Pp: 183-191 (9)

DOI: 10.2174/978160805294311201010183

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

Soft scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccidae) are important citrus pests. They are sessile insects that damage citrus by sucking plant sap, thus reducing plant vigor. They also excrete copious amounts of honeydew that promotes the development of sooty mold fungi, which hinder the photosynthetic ability of the plant and directly reduce the market value of the fruit. In the Mediterranean Region six species are of economic importance for citrus production: Coccus hesperidum (Linnaeus), Coccus pseudomagnoliarum (Kuwana), Saissetia oleae (Olivier), Ceroplastes rusci (Linnaeus), Ceroplastes floridensis Comstock, and Ceroplastes sinensis Del Guercio. Field and microscopic identification keys are provided and notes on their biology and current practices of pest management are also reviewed.


Keywords: Citriculture, Mediterranean Region, soft scale insects, bio-ecology, damage, control

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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1518
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316481725 and j.to_ip >=316481725 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740675403 and j.to_date >= 1740675403 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 341) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316481725 and j.to_ip >=316481725 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740675403 and j.to_date >= 1740675403 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 341) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316481725 and j.to_ip >=316481725 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740675403 and j.to_date >= 1740675403 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 341)
      670μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 809 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1740675403 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1740675403 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.18msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 809
      • 3: 1740675403
      • 4: 1740675403
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='77c74587884ae9340bada25f14599a20'
      200μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    6Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        LMMRdAwKBxJO5tfjkSpOdhOzmS1IjNEgK9GCmXiC
        uc_cart_id
        77c74587884ae9340bada25f14599a20
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/341" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/341
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:17 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "cookie" => array:1 [ 0 => "wayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6IjhqRlZzV3lLdUNwTHBoQmNMVlJ3bGc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiYkhBUldXMGpkZnVDZldhd2VRcks2MWJ0VnJPRkJ0VWtmZXAxaVZqdG1FVT0iLCJtYWMiOiIzNTBiZGRkMzRiYzQ4ZGJlZjM4NmEzMjk3MjYxMzRkNzViNDMyOTc3NTk5MjEzNTUyMDc1NDFjYzQ5YWJiYTY3IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3Dwayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6IjhqRlZzV3lLdUNwTHBoQmNMVlJ3bGc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiYkhBUldXMGpkZnVDZldhd2VRcks2MWJ0VnJPRkJ0VWtmZXAxaVZqdG1FVT0iLCJtYWMiOiIzNTBiZGRkMzRiYzQ4" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        0 of 0
        array:1 [ "wayfindertarget" => null ]
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Thu, 27 Feb 2025 16:56:43 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImN1NGhtekxtY0taMWRweGM1eG5EMEE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiSFYyaG9rcmFaWnd5N0tocHMxV2JDNWdYeWh1dis5cWE3UmYwTXRUc0RmR1l6V3dkdlFGT3JTS1gyRDRldjJDc3kzSFEzSFUveTJRZG9xNFhpRVYvUnc1OGJKVW1VT3hkb0J6WFpxL1N6cnh6cXlTVXRPKzA1VURweCtFdEFuTjYiLCJtYWMiOiIyZjJlYjMzZjc0NjU3YzM0ODZjOGRmNTE2NjVkOTlmMmI5ODU4YWIxNzVhMzE2NjAyNzZlMWU0ODFkNTJhMDlmIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Sun, 02 Mar 2025 04:56:43 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImN1NGhtekxtY0taMWRweGM1eG5EMEE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiSFYyaG9rcmFaWnd5N0tocHMxV2JDNWdYeWh1dis5cWE3UmYwTXRUc0RmR1l6V3dkdlFGT3JTS1gyRDRldjJDc3kzSFEzS" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IjlQNVd2Z2FXUmQ3SG5UZXJjK3NKT1E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiQ0YvcytReEtEdjlnY2p5TlNTZXY5ZXNMbnFRRUVyYVBPUEdGaGxrNVdDWStUVEozR25aOWY1SE5BeFJpZ29MNWJCV2h5SzBXbDZGVWxrMXhqbGhTWXRoUkhjT05xREsyZE1RdS91VUZBQVJJcVVFYU1iK1JFeldkUTRpZ0hSWlQiLCJtYWMiOiJmODQ3M2ZiYzEyNzk0MzAyNWYzZDc5ODBjNTQ1NWZjM2E5NjI3NDEyZjhlMzI0MDg5MWVhNmRlMDg3ZDFjYTBjIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IjlQNVd2Z2FXUmQ3SG5UZXJjK3NKT1E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiQ0YvcytReEtEdjlnY2p5TlNTZXY5ZXNMbnFRRUVyYVBPUEdGaGxrNVdDWStUVEozR25aOWY1SE5" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImN1NGhtekxtY0taMWRweGM1eG5EMEE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiSFYyaG9rcmFaWnd5N0tocHMxV2JDNWdYeWh1dis5cWE3UmYwTXRUc0RmR1l6V3dkdlFGT3JTS1gyRDRldjJDc3kzSFEzSFUveTJRZG9xNFhpRVYvUnc1OGJKVW1VT3hkb0J6WFpxL1N6cnh6cXlTVXRPKzA1VURweCtFdEFuTjYiLCJtYWMiOiIyZjJlYjMzZjc0NjU3YzM0ODZjOGRmNTE2NjVkOTlmMmI5ODU4YWIxNzVhMzE2NjAyNzZlMWU0ODFkNTJhMDlmIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Sun, 02-Mar-2025 04:56:43 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImN1NGhtekxtY0taMWRweGM1eG5EMEE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiSFYyaG9rcmFaWnd5N0tocHMxV2JDNWdYeWh1dis5cWE3UmYwTXRUc0RmR1l6V3dkdlFGT3JTS1gyRDRldjJDc3kzSFEzS" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IjlQNVd2Z2FXUmQ3SG5UZXJjK3NKT1E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiQ0YvcytReEtEdjlnY2p5TlNTZXY5ZXNMbnFRRUVyYVBPUEdGaGxrNVdDWStUVEozR25aOWY1SE5BeFJpZ29MNWJCV2h5SzBXbDZGVWxrMXhqbGhTWXRoUkhjT05xREsyZE1RdS91VUZBQVJJcVVFYU1iK1JFeldkUTRpZ0hSWlQiLCJtYWMiOiJmODQ3M2ZiYzEyNzk0MzAyNWYzZDc5ODBjNTQ1NWZjM2E5NjI3NDEyZjhlMzI0MDg5MWVhNmRlMDg3ZDFjYTBjIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IjlQNVd2Z2FXUmQ3SG5UZXJjK3NKT1E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiQ0YvcytReEtEdjlnY2p5TlNTZXY5ZXNMbnFRRUVyYVBPUEdGaGxrNVdDWStUVEozR25aOWY1SE5" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "LMMRdAwKBxJO5tfjkSpOdhOzmS1IjNEgK9GCmXiC" "uc_cart_id" => "77c74587884ae9340bada25f14599a20" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/341" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-27 16:56:43GET/chapter/341112198