Preclinical Atherosclerosis, Global Cardiovascular Risk and Cardiovascular Events

Relationship between Preclinical Atherosclerosis and Risk of Future Cardioand Cerebrovascular Events

Author(s): S. Novo, G.R. Amoroso, F. Bonura, P. Carità, E. Corrado and G. Novo

Pp: 48-54 (7)

DOI: 10.2174/978160805221911201010048

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

The risk of CV events in patients with preclinical ATS is higher than in the controls. The carotid asymptomatic lesions predict both cerebral and extra-cerebral events and are thus an expression of multifocal ATS. Furthermore, specific carotid levels (ACC, ACI and bifurcation) correlate to the risk of myocardial infarction and stroke. The coexistence of IMT both in the external and internal carotid arteries triggers the prevalence of CV events even higher. Last but not the least, IMT seems to predict the worse prognosis in patients with acute coronary syndrome undergoing percutaneous procedures. An ABI <0.9 and a reduced FMD are independently related in the long term with a higher risk of major CVE (myocardial infarction, unstable angina, sudden cardiac death, and revascularization). The calcium score provides an accurate estimation of ATS and is currently considered as a powerful predictor of major CVE and death in asymptomatic patients.


Keywords: Preclinical atherosclerosis, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events, clinical and epidemiological studies.

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      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
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      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1518
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 51286341 and j.to_ip >=51286341 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740458558 and j.to_date >= 1740458558 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 3406) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 51286341 and j.to_ip >=51286341 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740458558 and j.to_date >= 1740458558 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 3406) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 51286341 and j.to_ip >=51286341 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740458558 and j.to_date >= 1740458558 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 3406)
      600μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 1029 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1740458558 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1740458558 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.1msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 1029
      • 3: 1740458558
      • 4: 1740458558
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='08dc9c39713c23e815981787cfbb6e5d'
      360μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    3Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        67JNIDiE9kcra54m20VHuxFtPS3g5U4WN2HIgWrD
        uc_cart_id
        08dc9c39713c23e815981787cfbb6e5d
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/3406" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/3406
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:17 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "cookie" => array:1 [ 0 => "wayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6InBLMkgwT1BNSGEwQUpkSDJMSGNaNGc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiN080WEI1VmdxOFI2WHJqV2FBZW96cnRMZmU5cjM2a2hraEVzM0MvNzRVdz0iLCJtYWMiOiJmYzM3MjBiNTJlODUwNGY2MTNkY2IzNTQ4MTIyMjNjODU5MDU4MmZlZGFkM2E5NzQ2YjI5NDU5NTkxN2YzMWViIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3Dwayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6InBLMkgwT1BNSGEwQUpkSDJMSGNaNGc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiN080WEI1VmdxOFI2WHJqV2FBZW96cnRMZmU5cjM2a2hraEVzM0MvNzRVdz0iLCJtYWMiOiJmYzM3MjBiNTJlODUw" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        0 of 0
        array:1 [ "wayfindertarget" => null ]
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Tue, 25 Feb 2025 04:42:38 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IlVpTG5JSi9ieGZJU292WnJDODJZUFE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoicnoxS1M5aXRXclYxV3hGaHlDUzRiUTdrRWZnTk9ydFllenMyK0lPcmU1ck56TlgrQk1vYVBjKzhUQWdiZWdFK2VzQ01VazlKSjhhTHZZWDdLd3ZyYlVhbGxGOWVBeWQ4NUpkeXh5cUk4Zkw1WTloM1hwOUZKVGZxajliREJoMzEiLCJtYWMiOiI4MzhhMjcwOWQzNGM2ZjYxN2EwYmFlYTEzYzVhM2NkYzk0OTZlMGM4YjFmZGM2NTM3MThhYmI1NzBkNGY4MGUxIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 27 Feb 2025 16:42:38 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IlVpTG5JSi9ieGZJU292WnJDODJZUFE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoicnoxS1M5aXRXclYxV3hGaHlDUzRiUTdrRWZnTk9ydFllenMyK0lPcmU1ck56TlgrQk1vYVBjKzhUQWdiZWdFK2VzQ01Va" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IjFvWHJUY01aNU1ud01qZXp0UlRhR0E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoicnFack9aUXJsYjVRUEd4WlNWVzBRS1RMVEZVY1JtbkR5YW1KeEJzOVRWR2xCbkREZjFheTZPQmd1SmtYajRzWWUzcDA2Mlp4Mng2allkY0g3WkUxYzdaRUZOakZ5NHFnS1I1cHR1M0w3Nkk3Z3pVYTNOTHB4dmFqTExTWkdnNDYiLCJtYWMiOiJjMzJmOWJjNjE4ZjZkMGU0YjkwNDFhMDE5NzVmNjk5YzE2ZTk4MWE2OWU2MDRjMWVlNmY2ZmE1OWRhMGVlNTQ2IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IjFvWHJUY01aNU1ud01qZXp0UlRhR0E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoicnFack9aUXJsYjVRUEd4WlNWVzBRS1RMVEZVY1JtbkR5YW1KeEJzOVRWR2xCbkREZjFheTZPQmd" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IlVpTG5JSi9ieGZJU292WnJDODJZUFE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoicnoxS1M5aXRXclYxV3hGaHlDUzRiUTdrRWZnTk9ydFllenMyK0lPcmU1ck56TlgrQk1vYVBjKzhUQWdiZWdFK2VzQ01VazlKSjhhTHZZWDdLd3ZyYlVhbGxGOWVBeWQ4NUpkeXh5cUk4Zkw1WTloM1hwOUZKVGZxajliREJoMzEiLCJtYWMiOiI4MzhhMjcwOWQzNGM2ZjYxN2EwYmFlYTEzYzVhM2NkYzk0OTZlMGM4YjFmZGM2NTM3MThhYmI1NzBkNGY4MGUxIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 27-Feb-2025 16:42:38 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IlVpTG5JSi9ieGZJU292WnJDODJZUFE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoicnoxS1M5aXRXclYxV3hGaHlDUzRiUTdrRWZnTk9ydFllenMyK0lPcmU1ck56TlgrQk1vYVBjKzhUQWdiZWdFK2VzQ01Va" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IjFvWHJUY01aNU1ud01qZXp0UlRhR0E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoicnFack9aUXJsYjVRUEd4WlNWVzBRS1RMVEZVY1JtbkR5YW1KeEJzOVRWR2xCbkREZjFheTZPQmd1SmtYajRzWWUzcDA2Mlp4Mng2allkY0g3WkUxYzdaRUZOakZ5NHFnS1I1cHR1M0w3Nkk3Z3pVYTNOTHB4dmFqTExTWkdnNDYiLCJtYWMiOiJjMzJmOWJjNjE4ZjZkMGU0YjkwNDFhMDE5NzVmNjk5YzE2ZTk4MWE2OWU2MDRjMWVlNmY2ZmE1OWRhMGVlNTQ2IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IjFvWHJUY01aNU1ud01qZXp0UlRhR0E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoicnFack9aUXJsYjVRUEd4WlNWVzBRS1RMVEZVY1JtbkR5YW1KeEJzOVRWR2xCbkREZjFheTZPQmd" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "67JNIDiE9kcra54m20VHuxFtPS3g5U4WN2HIgWrD" "uc_cart_id" => "08dc9c39713c23e815981787cfbb6e5d" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/3406" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-25 04:42:38GET/chapter/3406112195