Preclinical Atherosclerosis, Global Cardiovascular Risk and Cardiovascular Events

Methods to Detect Preclinical Atherosclerosis

Author(s): S. Novo, G.R. Amoroso, F. Bonura, P. Carità, E. Corrado and G. Novo

Pp: 29-42 (14)

DOI: 10.2174/978160805221911201010029

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

The “preclinical ATS” indicates that "something is beginning to change" in the vascular wall. Currently, signs of preclinical ATS can be investigated through non-invasive approaches. The US evaluation of the Intima-Media Thickness (IMT) and / or asymptomatic plaque of carotid arteries is a high sensitive and specific method. The IMT is not only the expression of ageing but also a specific sign of widespread atherosclerosis. The ankle blood pressure should be slightly higher than the upper arm pressure (Ankle-Brachial Index > 1). Measurement of an ABI < 0.9 indicates restricted flow in the ilio-femoro-popliteal arteries. Currently, the "Endothelial Dysfunction") is evaluable by the flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) in the brachial artery. An impaired FMD is related to some traditional RF. There is a significant negative correlation between FMD and IMT. Finally, the coronary calcium (independent predictor of CV death) can be estimated by computerized tomography and expressed as Coronary Calcium Score. The lipidic plaques can be distinguished from the fibrous ones and from calcium amounts through the levels of attenuation (Hounsfield units). The research of coronary lesions in patients with asymptomatic carotid plaque and in obese children with a cluster of RF could be a promising application in order to perform aggressive prevention.


Keywords: Carotid intima-media thickness, asymptomatic carotid plaque, flow mediated vasodilation, Ankle Brachial Index (ABI), arterial stiffness, coronary computed tomography, coronary calcium score.

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      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
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      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
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      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1478
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1518
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316567616 and j.to_ip >=316567616 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740460245 and j.to_date >= 1740460245 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 3404) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316567616 and j.to_ip >=316567616 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740460245 and j.to_date >= 1740460245 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 3404) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316567616 and j.to_ip >=316567616 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740460245 and j.to_date >= 1740460245 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 3404)
      950μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 1029 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1740460245 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1740460245 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.52msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 1029
      • 3: 1740460245
      • 4: 1740460245
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='f5a50918204bf71c7f4598599ee56b34'
      290μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    7Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        M83jJlOf663DoTQEcl45ByiCRYynwvtO9Ag2K5aQ
        uc_cart_id
        f5a50918204bf71c7f4598599ee56b34
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/3404" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/3404
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:17 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "cookie" => array:1 [ 0 => "wayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6ImpXUkNRbTNpN3AvZ3dRcjltbXBkcUE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiR2VrZ05vQ0NkckMyV2VsSkUxektBdFBWQVQva1Qxa212cFl5MXBsWjArND0iLCJtYWMiOiIwNTFlNDlmOWQyMzM0MjEyMmJmNTY0NGRkZDc4YjA4MjQyNTFmZjE0NTI1NzliNWI1NWQ4MDFjOTUwYjRhYjI1IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3Dwayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6ImpXUkNRbTNpN3AvZ3dRcjltbXBkcUE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiR2VrZ05vQ0NkckMyV2VsSkUxektBdFBWQVQva1Qxa212cFl5MXBsWjArND0iLCJtYWMiOiIwNTFlNDlmOWQyMzM0" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        0 of 0
        array:1 [ "wayfindertarget" => null ]
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Tue, 25 Feb 2025 05:10:45 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6InRnSjkrd1RxTk5VbDdVSUZtRmFZeXc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiQjB3aXhsUVVmcjIwM2tOcERlSVYvcTdZUHhMcmR2UzBPakxqQkdrV21DM3poM2F1OEFxSngyblBQWWRpeHE3dU5TMTNpd3dTZGQ2QlZhMUdJNFB5VmIybjgyOEpNTnBTR0pVSmtMUUs5UUdEZmVUZTJNYW1RRUt2a3RJNWtaT2kiLCJtYWMiOiJlYWVlOTExMTlhY2Q1NjdkM2UzMDNjMjlhYjhkMWEyNDE4OWZhMTZiM2M4ZjExODE4YmQyMmFhNWZlZDgwZTMwIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 27 Feb 2025 17:10:45 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6InRnSjkrd1RxTk5VbDdVSUZtRmFZeXc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiQjB3aXhsUVVmcjIwM2tOcERlSVYvcTdZUHhMcmR2UzBPakxqQkdrV21DM3poM2F1OEFxSngyblBQWWRpeHE3dU5TMTNpd" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IjBjc2JxQzhRNDdkZDlZMUIxTkk3UXc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiUlJvWFM0bWdyMk5PeWNqOXZZK3FvbzJGcTIyZC9yYWo0QUVvU2RHdTNpUVRlWmVhWmhTcHdpNlZhZ1BZSW9OVUV5b3VZdmF4NkpnU2RFaFdpdTAra3ptZmNMaFZEUytoTHR0VmJLOWliSUhkUFp6SjIyUjNuSE1qRDBvS2o4WkgiLCJtYWMiOiJlYzU2NDEwYjdiYTJiMmNhN2Y5OTU3MjBmYzRjOWY3ZWM0NDVjNmNhYTkzZDlmZDg2NWNmNDZiM2UyZTA4YTc1IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IjBjc2JxQzhRNDdkZDlZMUIxTkk3UXc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiUlJvWFM0bWdyMk5PeWNqOXZZK3FvbzJGcTIyZC9yYWo0QUVvU2RHdTNpUVRlWmVhWmhTcHdpNlZ" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6InRnSjkrd1RxTk5VbDdVSUZtRmFZeXc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiQjB3aXhsUVVmcjIwM2tOcERlSVYvcTdZUHhMcmR2UzBPakxqQkdrV21DM3poM2F1OEFxSngyblBQWWRpeHE3dU5TMTNpd3dTZGQ2QlZhMUdJNFB5VmIybjgyOEpNTnBTR0pVSmtMUUs5UUdEZmVUZTJNYW1RRUt2a3RJNWtaT2kiLCJtYWMiOiJlYWVlOTExMTlhY2Q1NjdkM2UzMDNjMjlhYjhkMWEyNDE4OWZhMTZiM2M4ZjExODE4YmQyMmFhNWZlZDgwZTMwIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 27-Feb-2025 17:10:45 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6InRnSjkrd1RxTk5VbDdVSUZtRmFZeXc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiQjB3aXhsUVVmcjIwM2tOcERlSVYvcTdZUHhMcmR2UzBPakxqQkdrV21DM3poM2F1OEFxSngyblBQWWRpeHE3dU5TMTNpd" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IjBjc2JxQzhRNDdkZDlZMUIxTkk3UXc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiUlJvWFM0bWdyMk5PeWNqOXZZK3FvbzJGcTIyZC9yYWo0QUVvU2RHdTNpUVRlWmVhWmhTcHdpNlZhZ1BZSW9OVUV5b3VZdmF4NkpnU2RFaFdpdTAra3ptZmNMaFZEUytoTHR0VmJLOWliSUhkUFp6SjIyUjNuSE1qRDBvS2o4WkgiLCJtYWMiOiJlYzU2NDEwYjdiYTJiMmNhN2Y5OTU3MjBmYzRjOWY3ZWM0NDVjNmNhYTkzZDlmZDg2NWNmNDZiM2UyZTA4YTc1IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IjBjc2JxQzhRNDdkZDlZMUIxTkk3UXc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiUlJvWFM0bWdyMk5PeWNqOXZZK3FvbzJGcTIyZC9yYWo0QUVvU2RHdTNpUVRlWmVhWmhTcHdpNlZ" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "M83jJlOf663DoTQEcl45ByiCRYynwvtO9Ag2K5aQ" "uc_cart_id" => "f5a50918204bf71c7f4598599ee56b34" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/3404" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-25 05:10:45GET/chapter/3404112199