Preclinical Atherosclerosis, Global Cardiovascular Risk and Cardiovascular Events

Risk Factors and Atherosclerotic Disease

Author(s): S. Novo, G.R. Amoroso, F. Bonura, P. Carità, E. Corrado and G. Novo

Pp: 7-21 (15)

DOI: 10.2174/978160805221911201010007

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

In healthy subjects, the Risk Factors (RF) are conditions linked casually to atherosclerosis. They are related in a logarithmic way to the occurrence of CVE. The atherosclerotic RF can be divided into traditional and emerging. The traditional and “modifiable” RF include: dislipidemia, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, smoking, obesity, sedentary, stress, alcohol and diet. Diabetes mellitus is currently considered a “CHD equivalent”. The emerging RF (studied only for a few years) include: Metabolic Syndrome (MS) (that is characterized by the presence of various metabolic disorders at the same time in the same subject), biohumoral markers of systemic inflammation, microalbuminuria and LP (a).


Keywords: Dislipidemia, smoking, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, lifestyle, obesity, stress, alcohol. Family history, aging, gender. Metabolic syndrome, inflammation, homocysteine, microalbuminuria, lipoprotein (a), infections.

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      • 14. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:784
      • 15. middleware::check_user_access:114
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Middleware/SubstituteBindings.php:50
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
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      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:206
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      • 17. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1434
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      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
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      • 14. app/Models/Subject.php:238
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      • 16. app/Models/Subject.php:255
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      • 14. app/Models/Subject.php:255
      • 15. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1435
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      • 13. app/Models/EbookVolume.php:271
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      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
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      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select count(*) as total_count, content_type_access_id as access_type from ebook_access where content_type_id = '3402' and content_type = 'c' and ( (from_date <= CURDATE() and to_date >= CURDATE() and perpetual= 0) or (from_date is null and to_date is null and perpetual= 1) )
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      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1465
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
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      240μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022ContentAccess.php#647
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      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1478
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
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      550μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1518
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316596746 and j.to_ip >=316596746 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740457393 and j.to_date >= 1740457393 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 3402) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316596746 and j.to_ip >=316596746 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740457393 and j.to_date >= 1740457393 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 3402) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316596746 and j.to_ip >=316596746 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740457393 and j.to_date >= 1740457393 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 3402)
      630μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 1029 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1740457393 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1740457393 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.03msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 1029
      • 3: 1740457393
      • 4: 1740457393
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='6e22f68402460fd368cc7a83509ea7b7'
      200μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    15Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        SUE0rjVVt60Qt4zyCzzP4HRNajNYPKKzG1jlGR52
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/3402" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        uc_cart_id
        6e22f68402460fd368cc7a83509ea7b7
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/3402
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:17 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "cookie" => array:1 [ 0 => "wayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6Ik02SkxyRm9mSlFEa280MTl5Y1hsd1E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiRXMwMmdWYXBSV055MkEwRUYyMXVxQ2lKNnp4MDVSSTlYK2wxSWtoUG5xcz0iLCJtYWMiOiJiZDEyN2M1ZjM0ZGExZjI2MjEyM2VkZTEyYTcwZjQ5YTkwNzQzYTljZDQ2ZmVhMWI1ZWQyZmM0NzE4YjEyMGUzIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImFKbHNIUG1Eb0FVeXhTODZlSzUvTFE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZGFRaVFNZUpyb1Q5NzRVZWl5VC82a3NpZ0UzeFkyai9TQWhJUmZaN2gxSXVzTWJ3WnBuZk1tajRpT3Rtb0RPdDRpVHdOUmt2Y2loWmQyQTdqb00vMVJ5dVFZa1RhNnV6QkVSaDF2KzM4cWlocDdFaHY1ZitPZWxjVUZQcGJKYlUiLCJtYWMiOiI0YzE4ZmIyMjJjMmM0ZDc0ZmMwNWI0MjliOGZmMmZkNDI5ZjBkMTViMDI5Nzk1ODBiMjQxYmEzY2M5ZTU2YjJjIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IlNJWUdFOFJ6b1E1ZHZPSG41ektLMEE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiTFpFQkc0ZXo2ZnVCeCt5RG1iQXE2S2VUZDkwb3QxOTFtMGlFRFRPa0twc1FtZDhValBkTkNQYWVOOE04M0tKakVLTDZVN3FzOXVIQ0JwcVBrTUFrR3RvUFVQKzQrTFNFUU5meFF0ZjViL2JYeUlqSE5RQXdGNVRJWmFnczZsUFgiLCJtYWMiOiJmMjE0YzE3MDM0ZTc1YTIxNDQ5N2E3ZjZhNGU5M2Q1ZjA1Mzk0M2MyZWY5NzJhNmIyM2IwNzY0OTVhYTQyN2NiIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3Dwayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6Ik02SkxyRm9mSlFEa280MTl5Y1hsd1E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiRXMwMmdWYXBSV055MkEwRUYyMXVxQ2lKNnp4MDVSSTlYK2wxSWtoUG5xcz0iLCJtYWMiOiJiZDEyN2M1ZjM0ZGEx" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        0 of 0
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        response_headers
        0 of 0
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        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "SUE0rjVVt60Qt4zyCzzP4HRNajNYPKKzG1jlGR52" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/3402" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "uc_cart_id" => "6e22f68402460fd368cc7a83509ea7b7" "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-25 04:23:13GET/chapter/34021121917