Preclinical Atherosclerosis, Global Cardiovascular Risk and Cardiovascular Events

Pathogenesis of Atherosclerotic Plaque

Author(s): S. Novo, G.R. Amoroso, F. Bonura, P. Carità, E. Corrado and G. Novo

Pp: 5-6 (2)

DOI: 10.2174/978160805221911201010005

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

The ATS is a slow-progressive process involving arteries with large and medium diameter. It seems to result both from an immune and inflammatory reaction and several studies have shown the endothelial reaction to various injuries as the main mechanism involved in the development of the focal atherosclerotic wall lesions. These lesions initially do not obstruct the blood flow. However, thrombotic events can occur and cause ischemia of the region supplied by the injured artery. The vulnerable plaque (eccentric, non stenotic, with a thin fibrous cap and big lipid core, rich of inflammatory and smooth muscle cells) is a particular type of lesion which can easily lead to complications.


Keywords: Endothelial dysfunction, foam cells, fatty streaks, pre-atheroma, atheroma, fibro-atheroma, vulnerable plaque, hemorrhage, rupture, thrombosis.

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      • 14. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:784
      • 15. middleware::check_user_access:114
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Middleware/SubstituteBindings.php:50
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
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      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:206
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      • 17. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1434
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
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      • 14. app/Models/Subject.php:238
      • 15. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1434
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
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      • 16. app/Models/Subject.php:255
      • 17. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1435
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      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
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      • 14. app/Models/Subject.php:255
      • 15. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1435
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
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      • 13. app/Models/EbookVolume.php:271
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      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select count(*) rcd from `ebook_volume` where `ebook_id` = 222 and ebook_volume_id <> 1029 limit 1
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      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select count(*) as total_count, content_type_access_id as access_type from ebook_access where content_type_id = '3401' and content_type = 'c' and ( (from_date <= CURDATE() and to_date >= CURDATE() and perpetual= 0) or (from_date is null and to_date is null and perpetual= 1) )
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      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1465
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select count(*) as total_count, content_type_access_id as access_type from ebook_access where content_type_id = '1029' and content_type = 'v' and ( (from_date <= CURDATE() and to_date >= CURDATE() and perpetual= 0) or (from_date is null and to_date is null and perpetual= 1) )
      230μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022ContentAccess.php#647
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      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1478
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1518
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59354538 and j.to_ip >=59354538 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740471875 and j.to_date >= 1740471875 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 3401) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59354538 and j.to_ip >=59354538 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740471875 and j.to_date >= 1740471875 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 3401) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59354538 and j.to_ip >=59354538 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740471875 and j.to_date >= 1740471875 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 3401)
      520μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 1029 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1740471875 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1740471875 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.45msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 1029
      • 3: 1740471875
      • 4: 1740471875
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='0c3fafb5560741d49a8275e17bf498ed'
      250μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    10Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        qhqYjvwLCb6WX0UcjDh5JcN53HrNCxCM1hFH77Kb
        uc_cart_id
        0c3fafb5560741d49a8275e17bf498ed
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/3401" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/3401
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:17 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "cookie" => array:1 [ 0 => "wayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6IlpHMzdxVVY5d08weGNJcmVqZVpmckE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiYUR4UXpIN0NFZGo5dC9uV3ZIR0FuWlZ2VlZCNHFCYnQvbm01YVB4Z01UTT0iLCJtYWMiOiI4YjdhZWMxMDUzMDUzY2E3ZTc3OWM4Y2ZhODQ2MmVmYzgzOWI3ZDBhYWRjYzhmNjI0Nzc4NDg4YzQyNjUyMTdhIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Ijk2ZTdUZVRYdktIM0tFM2JDV3UrTUE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiMFZLWmlJdnp1Nng1dGdlRkRaRDZodk9vcmhQcWJ0Z3lpVGZXT2lqcmlKamJUSjJCOVZJRVdQcTFUaW8vSkVadHk1aFdqaWZjM3dXNjZycXQ5c1pHQUFHREl5NFdTbUoyRFlrVi9PUmZMNTFKNFdiNlE4ckFZQU52c3NiTWNROXkiLCJtYWMiOiI5ZTIwMjBlYzQ2YjY2ZTY5NmFhNGEyZTgxMGViYWQwYWJlYmEwMDc3NmU3NjQzNThiYTQ5ZjQ1ZTVjNzZhZjYxIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6Ik1XVDRCTGUrcHJ0emJPUkJ5ZGYyakE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiSzFPVFlYVjY2UXdrQ3ljdXVjeUkrSHdVb0N5MThqbEREVGxvczRFY1hnR2FJVk8rRTdwVXJMdHZRTHdoYmJVdjM1VGw4U3BsM2lDZVNlVTNCdFFkdm1HVXBBTVV0Qm9mblBmRUVZY09UOTQreVMxZnBwV04zYTlmcVRXRjJTQ0kiLCJtYWMiOiJlMDI1OGEwYTNmMTlkMDkzZTQ0YzAwYmI1YzBiMTNkNmRhZWM3OGY1OGNjMTJkYjFmNGRiNTg1YTUyOTVhMmY5IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3Dwayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6IlpHMzdxVVY5d08weGNJcmVqZVpmckE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiYUR4UXpIN0NFZGo5dC9uV3ZIR0FuWlZ2VlZCNHFCYnQvbm01YVB4Z01UTT0iLCJtYWMiOiI4YjdhZWMxMDUzMDUz" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        0 of 0
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        response_headers
        0 of 0
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        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "qhqYjvwLCb6WX0UcjDh5JcN53HrNCxCM1hFH77Kb" "uc_cart_id" => "0c3fafb5560741d49a8275e17bf498ed" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/3401" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-25 08:24:35GET/chapter/34011121912