Integrated Control of Citrus Pests in the Mediterranean Region

Endemic and Emerging Vector-Borne Mediterranean Citrus Diseases and their Epidemiological Consequences

Author(s): Moshe Bar-Joseph and Antonino Catara

Pp: 137-155 (19)

DOI: 10.2174/978160805294311201010137

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

The chapter presents a brief historical account on citrus cultivation in the Mediterranean basin and on major epidemics that affected citriculture in the past. The citrus industries mostly survived these serious drawbacks by changing about 150 years ago their horticultural practices from non-grafted to grafting trees on the sour orange rootstock which produced a stionic combination highly resistant to fungal root-rots. Basing the industry on the sour orange eventually turned into the road map for the emergence of a subsequent major global pandemic caused by the aphid borne Citrus tristeza virus (CTV). This led growers to shift to new stionic combinations based on a variety of rootstocks that provided not only tolerance to the disease along with adaption to a variety of edaphic conditions. Adaptability is an ongoing process as recently experienced in certain parts of Brazil, where the Rangpur lime rootstock which for almost half a century has been successfully providing both drought and CTV tolerance is succumbing to a recent localized epidemic caused by citrus sudden death, a new vector borne disease caused by an infectious agent that is still not sufficiently characterized. Rootstock replacement is however not an universal remedy for all citrus mainly because some threatening diseases such as greening /huanglobing (HLB), Citrus variegated chlorosis (CVC), witches broom and stem pitting isolates of CTV damage directly the scion part and thus not helped by rootstock-replacement. The chapter focuses on three vector-borne pathogenic agents that cause three important citrus diseases, stubborn, CTV and citrus greening/HLB respectively representing three types of disease problems (i) endemic, (ii) emerging and (iii) threatening of concern for Mediterranean growers. Some possible ways to minimize the damaging impacts of these diseases on the future of citrus production in the Mediterranean Region are discussed and some measures validated by past experience with endemic disease are used to obtain an estimate on the potential damage of two disease problems threatening the Mediterranean citrus industries, the spread of Toxoptera citricidus, the most effective vector of CTV and the possible spread and emergence of greening/HLB epidemic in the area. Information on other vector born citrus diseases as citrus variegated chlorosis, citrus sudden death, citrus leprosis, Omani lime witches broom disease, in relation to their potential threats to Mediterranean citriculture is provided. Essentially the message is simple and follows the slogan “better safe than sorry” as a clear indication that the Mediterranean citrus industries must place high priorities both on national and regional certification and R&D programs to prevent the spread of these potentially devastating diseases.


Keywords: Citriculture, Mediterranean Region, citrus aphids, bio-ecology, damage, control

Related Journals
Related Books
© 2025 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy
Request history8.2.27PHP Version219msRequest Duration26MBMemory UsageGET chapter/{id}/{param?}Route
  • warninglog[17:18:01] LOG.warning: Optional parameter $id declared before required parameter $request is implic...
  • Booting (124ms)time
  • Application (95.15ms)time
  • 1 x Booting (56.52%)
    124ms
    1 x Application (43.47%)
    95.15ms
    12 templates were rendered
    • ebook.chapter_detailschapter_details.blade.php#?blade
    • layouts.chapter_header_sectionchapter_header_section.blade.php#?blade
    • ebook.chapter_top_bannerchapter_top_banner.blade.php#?blade
    • ebook.chapter_bottom_bannerchapter_bottom_banner.blade.php#?blade
    • ebook.ebook_right_bannerebook_right_banner.blade.php#?blade
    • includes.inc_related_journalsinc_related_journals.blade.php#?blade
    • includes.inc_related_ebooksinc_related_ebooks.blade.php#?blade
    • layouts.appapp.blade.php#?blade
    • layouts._login_access_login_access.blade.php#?blade
    • layouts._header_header.blade.php#?blade
    • layouts._main_menu_main_menu.blade.php#?blade
    • layouts._footer_menu_footer_menu.blade.php#?blade
    uri
    GET chapter/{id}/{param?}
    middleware
    web, check_user_access
    controller
    App\Http\Controllers\ChapterController@GetChapterDetails
    namespace
    App\Http\Controllers
    where
    as
    chapter
    file
    app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1350-1704
    19 statements were executed30.46ms
    • Connection Establishedalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccessCheck.php#24
      Backtrace
      • 9. middleware::check_user_access:24
      • 10. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
      • 11. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Middleware/SubstituteBindings.php:50
      • 12. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Foundation/Http/Middleware/VerifyCsrfToken.php:88
    • INSERT INTO visitor_ip_address (ip_address,visitor_agent,visitor_count, created_on,updated_on) VALUES ('316452332','',1,1740676681,1740676681) ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE visitor_count=visitor_count + 1, updated_on=1740676681
      1.39msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccessCheck.php#24
      Backtrace
      • 11. middleware::check_user_access:24
      • 12. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Middleware/SubstituteBindings.php:50
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Foundation/Http/Middleware/VerifyCsrfToken.php:88
    • INSERT INTO visitor_ip_address_detail (ip_address,visitor_url,visitor_count, created_on,updated_on) VALUES ('316452332','/chapter/338',1,1740676681,1740676681)
      190μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccessCheck.php#27
      Backtrace
      • 11. middleware::check_user_access:27
      • 12. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Middleware/SubstituteBindings.php:50
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Foundation/Http/Middleware/VerifyCsrfToken.php:88
    • (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_journal_volume_trail WHERE to_ip >= 316452332 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 316452332) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_journal_volume_corporate WHERE to_ip >= 316452332 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 316452332) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_journal_volume_token WHERE to_ip >= 316452332 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 316452332) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_ebook_volume_trail WHERE to_ip >= 316452332 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 316452332) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_ebook_volume_corporate WHERE to_ip >= 316452332 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 316452332) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_ebook_volume_token WHERE to_ip >= 316452332 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 316452332) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_issue_trail WHERE to_ip >= 316452332 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 316452332) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_issue_corporate WHERE to_ip >= 316452332 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 316452332) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_issue_token WHERE to_ip >= 316452332 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 316452332) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_article_trail WHERE to_ip >= 316452332 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 316452332) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_article_corporate WHERE to_ip >= 316452332 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 316452332) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_article_token WHERE to_ip >= 316452332 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 316452332) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_chapter_trail WHERE to_ip >= 316452332 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 316452332) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_chapter_corporate WHERE to_ip >= 316452332 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 316452332) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_chapter_token WHERE to_ip >= 316452332 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 316452332) union (select `user_id`, `to_ip`, `from_ip` from (select user_id, to_ip, from_ip FROM user_access_disease_corporate WHERE to_ip >= 316452332 ORDER BY to_ip ASC LIMIT 1) as `tjv` where `from_ip` <= 316452332) limit 1
      15.13msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#784
      Bindings
      • 0: 316452332
      • 1: 316452332
      • 2: 316452332
      • 3: 316452332
      • 4: 316452332
      • 5: 316452332
      • 6: 316452332
      • 7: 316452332
      • 8: 316452332
      • 9: 316452332
      • 10: 316452332
      • 11: 316452332
      • 12: 316452332
      • 13: 316452332
      • 14: 316452332
      • 15: 316452332
      Backtrace
      • 14. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:784
      • 15. middleware::check_user_access:114
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Middleware/SubstituteBindings.php:50
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:183
    • select * from `chapter` where `chapter_id` = '338' limit 1
      330μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022ChapterController.php#1406
      Bindings
      • 0: 338
      Backtrace
      • 16. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1406
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:206
    • select CONCAT_WS(' ',au.first_name, ' ', ifnull(au.initials,''), ' ', au.last_name) as authors, CONCAT(au.last_name, IFNULL(CONCAT(' ', au.initials), ''), ' ', au.first_name) AS authorsRIS, CONCAT_WS(' ',au.last_name, ' ', ifnull(au.initials,''), ' ', au.first_name) as authorsCiteAs, CONCAT_WS(' ',au.first_name, IFNULL(CONCAT(' ', au.initials), ''), IFNULL(CONCAT(' ', au.last_name), '')) as authorsmodal , `au`.*, `af`.`ror_id`, `af`.`institution`, `af`.`department`, `af`.`country`, `af`.`city`, `af`.`address`, (GROUP_CONCAT(TRIM(BOTH ', ' FROM CONCAT(ifnull(concat(af.institution,','),''), ifnull(concat(af.department,','),''), ifnull(concat(af.address,','),''), ifnull(concat(af.city,','),''), ifnull(concat(af.country,','),''), ifnull(concat(af.postal_code,','),''), ifnull(concat(af.phone,','),''), ifnull(concat(af.fax,','),''))) SEPARATOR '|')) as `author_affiliation`, (GROUP_CONCAT(TRIM(BOTH ', ' FROM CONCAT(ifnull(concat(af.web_view,','),''))) SEPARATOR '|')) as `web_view` from `author` as `au` left join `author_affiliation` as `af` on `au`.`author_id` = `af`.`author_id` where `au`.`chapter_id` = '338' group by `au`.`author_id` order by `au`.`article_id` asc, `au`.`sequence` asc
      710μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Author.php#86
      Bindings
      • 0: 338
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Author.php:86
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1411
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select * from `keywords` where `chapter_id` = '338'
      290μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022ChapterController.php#1415
      Bindings
      • 0: 338
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1415
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:206
    • select * from `ebook` where `ebook_id` = 23 limit 1
      260μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022ChapterController.php#1430
      Bindings
      • 0: 23
      Backtrace
      • 16. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1430
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:206
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `subject_ebook` as `se` inner join `ebook` as `e` on `e`.`ebook_id` = `se`.`ebook_id` inner join `ebook_volume` as `v` on `v`.`ebook_id` = `e`.`ebook_id` where subject_id IN (select subject_id FROM subject_ebook WHERE ebook_id=23) and se.ebook_id!=23 and v.ebook_status='1'
      1.6msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Subject.php#238
      Backtrace
      • 16. app/Models/Subject.php:238
      • 17. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1434
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select distinct v.nid as volume_id,e.nid,e.title,v.issn,v.eissn,v.isbn,v.eisbn,e.ebook_id, v.image_file_name,v.file_path,v.flyer_link,v.ebook_volume_id, v.volume_name,v.doi,v.year_id,v.introduction from `subject_ebook` as `se` inner join `ebook` as `e` on `e`.`ebook_id` = `se`.`ebook_id` inner join `ebook_volume` as `v` on `v`.`ebook_id` = `e`.`ebook_id` where subject_id IN (select subject_id FROM subject_ebook WHERE ebook_id=23) and se.ebook_id!=23 and v.ebook_status='1' limit 10 offset 0
      810μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Subject.php#238
      Backtrace
      • 14. app/Models/Subject.php:238
      • 15. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1434
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `subject_journal` as `sj` inner join `journal` as `j` on `j`.`journal_id` = `sj`.`journal_id` where subject_id IN (select subject_id FROM subject_ebook WHERE ebook_id=23)
      470μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Subject.php#255
      Backtrace
      • 16. app/Models/Subject.php:255
      • 17. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1435
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select distinct j.nid as journal_nid,j.title,j.subtitle,j.issn,j.eissn,j.keyword,sj.journal_id,j.image_file_name,j.flyer_link from `subject_journal` as `sj` inner join `journal` as `j` on `j`.`journal_id` = `sj`.`journal_id` where subject_id IN (select subject_id FROM subject_ebook WHERE ebook_id=23) limit 10 offset 0
      510μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Subject.php#255
      Backtrace
      • 14. app/Models/Subject.php:255
      • 15. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1435
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select `e`.*, `a`.*, `y`.`year`, `e`.`ebook_volume_id` as `ebook_volume_id`, `a`.`ebook_volume_id` as `ebk_vol_id`, `e`.`ebook_id` as `ebk_ebook_id` from `ebook_volume` as `e` left join `author` as `a` on `e`.`ebook_volume_id` = `a`.`ebook_volume_id` left join `year` as `y` on `y`.`id` = `e`.`year_id` where `e`.`ebook_volume_id` = 809 and `e`.`is_uploaded` = 1
      4.96msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022EbookVolume.php#271
      Bindings
      • 0: 809
      • 1: 1
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/EbookVolume.php:271
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1438
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select count(*) rcd from `ebook_volume` where `ebook_id` = 23 and ebook_volume_id <> 809 limit 1
      310μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022EbookVolume.php#999
      Bindings
      • 0: 23
      Backtrace
      • 14. app/Models/EbookVolume.php:999
      • 15. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1462
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select count(*) as total_count, content_type_access_id as access_type from ebook_access where content_type_id = '338' and content_type = 'c' and ( (from_date <= CURDATE() and to_date >= CURDATE() and perpetual= 0) or (from_date is null and to_date is null and perpetual= 1) )
      340μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022ContentAccess.php#647
      Backtrace
      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1465
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select count(*) as total_count, content_type_access_id as access_type from ebook_access where content_type_id = '809' and content_type = 'v' and ( (from_date <= CURDATE() and to_date >= CURDATE() and perpetual= 0) or (from_date is null and to_date is null and perpetual= 1) )
      330μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022ContentAccess.php#647
      Backtrace
      • 11. app/Models/ContentAccess.php:647
      • 12. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1478
      • 13. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 14. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"ebook_volume" as access_level,"" as chapter_id from `user_access_ebook_volume_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316452332 and j.to_ip >=316452332 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740676681 and j.to_date >= 1740676681 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.volume_id = 809) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"ebook_volume" as access_level,"" as chapter_id from `user_access_ebook_volume_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316452332 and j.to_ip >=316452332 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740676681 and j.to_date >= 1740676681 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.volume_id = 809) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"ebook_volume" as access_level,"" as chapter_id from `user_access_ebook_volume_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316452332 and j.to_ip >=316452332 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740676681 and j.to_date >= 1740676681 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.volume_id = 809)
      780μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1518
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316452332 and j.to_ip >=316452332 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740676681 and j.to_date >= 1740676681 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 338) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316452332 and j.to_ip >=316452332 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740676681 and j.to_date >= 1740676681 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 338) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 316452332 and j.to_ip >=316452332 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740676681 and j.to_date >= 1740676681 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 338)
      630μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 809 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1740676681 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1740676681 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.16msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 809
      • 3: 1740676681
      • 4: 1740676681
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='96b5c39dff31fe35512bdeb07aeabec2'
      260μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    6Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        yVCDRgoXbSkCjPO9Fzcf8KAXjNpZynJhJhKEzSTm
        uc_cart_id
        96b5c39dff31fe35512bdeb07aeabec2
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/338" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/338
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:16 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        []
        
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Thu, 27 Feb 2025 17:18:01 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImJ2TDhuMUhLVUViNE8xOHB4eVg0OGc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiSnExbXd0cE1HRWhhVkFzN0NSQW4xS2pxYVlKdG5yTzQ3TEtLR2tocVI4Mmo4SU5uTTkrVnNXMi9NdjZ4RklYRWdTYm5uUjI2VmwwVDhmSC9kVTRwNWtTcnh4aDhJemlTSGpNNGxZNms3dkttK2hmbGxjak0xUzJMNGZEaVE5WUwiLCJtYWMiOiI5ZTQ4NDRiOTIyZjAzMTU3MTJlMjJlNGM4NTRmMGFlZTFjZjE0MTBkZGM5NzNiMmRhNmNlYWI2YWZmMGMxYTVjIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Sun, 02 Mar 2025 05:18:01 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImJ2TDhuMUhLVUViNE8xOHB4eVg0OGc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiSnExbXd0cE1HRWhhVkFzN0NSQW4xS2pxYVlKdG5yTzQ3TEtLR2tocVI4Mmo4SU5uTTkrVnNXMi9NdjZ4RklYRWdTYm5uU" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6Imt0RW1DYVlYRHBxODFoU1RaeFhWZHc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiaEh2elFyc2FwdnFkVHhoLzZ2K3NkVlVSSzQ5amJ5UmRqSXBVL3FPVFdUcGJwU2dLeTBqcG1kUUtZQURrVmdGUko5Qm1UQWJlaWxLemhCa2NuSStQWjVWMk82bmR1S1d3dXdVUG1KUjAwWnc5NnREakZES1ZpelNTNDlaL3p6eU8iLCJtYWMiOiIzZTExNmJlMjJlNTY5ZTA3ZDM1NjljZDQ0YzE4OTI1MDdiZTkwNzA0ZDEyNDdhOThkNGE1MGNjYTQyMDE4MmMzIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6Imt0RW1DYVlYRHBxODFoU1RaeFhWZHc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiaEh2elFyc2FwdnFkVHhoLzZ2K3NkVlVSSzQ5amJ5UmRqSXBVL3FPVFdUcGJwU2dLeTBqcG1kUUt" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImJ2TDhuMUhLVUViNE8xOHB4eVg0OGc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiSnExbXd0cE1HRWhhVkFzN0NSQW4xS2pxYVlKdG5yTzQ3TEtLR2tocVI4Mmo4SU5uTTkrVnNXMi9NdjZ4RklYRWdTYm5uUjI2VmwwVDhmSC9kVTRwNWtTcnh4aDhJemlTSGpNNGxZNms3dkttK2hmbGxjak0xUzJMNGZEaVE5WUwiLCJtYWMiOiI5ZTQ4NDRiOTIyZjAzMTU3MTJlMjJlNGM4NTRmMGFlZTFjZjE0MTBkZGM5NzNiMmRhNmNlYWI2YWZmMGMxYTVjIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Sun, 02-Mar-2025 05:18:01 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImJ2TDhuMUhLVUViNE8xOHB4eVg0OGc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiSnExbXd0cE1HRWhhVkFzN0NSQW4xS2pxYVlKdG5yTzQ3TEtLR2tocVI4Mmo4SU5uTTkrVnNXMi9NdjZ4RklYRWdTYm5uU" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6Imt0RW1DYVlYRHBxODFoU1RaeFhWZHc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiaEh2elFyc2FwdnFkVHhoLzZ2K3NkVlVSSzQ5amJ5UmRqSXBVL3FPVFdUcGJwU2dLeTBqcG1kUUtZQURrVmdGUko5Qm1UQWJlaWxLemhCa2NuSStQWjVWMk82bmR1S1d3dXdVUG1KUjAwWnc5NnREakZES1ZpelNTNDlaL3p6eU8iLCJtYWMiOiIzZTExNmJlMjJlNTY5ZTA3ZDM1NjljZDQ0YzE4OTI1MDdiZTkwNzA0ZDEyNDdhOThkNGE1MGNjYTQyMDE4MmMzIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6Imt0RW1DYVlYRHBxODFoU1RaeFhWZHc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiaEh2elFyc2FwdnFkVHhoLzZ2K3NkVlVSSzQ5amJ5UmRqSXBVL3FPVFdUcGJwU2dLeTBqcG1kUUt" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "yVCDRgoXbSkCjPO9Fzcf8KAXjNpZynJhJhKEzSTm" "uc_cart_id" => "96b5c39dff31fe35512bdeb07aeabec2" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/338" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-27 17:18:01GET/chapter/338112198