Integrated Control of Citrus Pests in the Mediterranean Region

Aphididae

Author(s): Nedim Uygun, Alfonso Hermoso de Mendoza and Huseyin Baspinar

Pp: 126-136 (11)

DOI: 10.2174/978160805294311201010126

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

The Aphididae, or aphids, is a large family of nearly 4000 small and soft-bodied insects in the superfamily Aphidoidea. More than 25 aphid species have been found in citrus orchards throughout the world, of which some are of economic importance and others probably occur there sporadically. The aphids infesting citrus in the Mediterranean Region reach their maximal numbers in spring, attaining another, lower peak in autumn, and sometimes a third, of minor importance, during summer. Some of the citrus aphids, like Aphis craccivora Koch, A. fabae Scopoli, Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas), and Myzus persicae (Sulzer), never reach high population levels due to the activity of their natural enemies. The others, Aphis gossypii Glover, A. spiraecola Patch, Toxoptera aurantii (Boyer de Fonscolombe) and T. citricida (Kirkaldy), are serious pests, either because they occur in very large numbers or due to their ability to transmit many virus diseases, including citrus tristeza virus (CTV). Their management is mostly by their many natural enemies. These include parasitoids of the subfamily Aphidiinae (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) and many predators of the families Coccinellidae (Coleoptera), Syrphidae (Diptera); Cecidomyiidae, Chamaemyiidae (Diptera); Anthocoridae, Lygaeidae, Miridae, and Nabidae (Hemiptera) and Chrysopidae (Neuroptera).


Keywords: Citriculture, Mediterranean Region, citrus aphids, bio-ecology, damage, control

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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1518
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59765840 and j.to_ip >=59765840 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740676439 and j.to_date >= 1740676439 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 337) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59765840 and j.to_ip >=59765840 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740676439 and j.to_date >= 1740676439 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 337) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 59765840 and j.to_ip >=59765840 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740676439 and j.to_date >= 1740676439 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 337)
      550μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 809 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1740676439 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1740676439 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.08msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 809
      • 3: 1740676439
      • 4: 1740676439
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='0763ad9780fadc714f68921852763b7a'
      260μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    6Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        PE6yPgcbm6Re6EzOPlJISvej3wmxdHQKwnJH43dY
        uc_cart_id
        0763ad9780fadc714f68921852763b7a
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/337" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/337
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:17 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "cookie" => array:1 [ 0 => "wayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6Ims0ZGt3RUxVcXVxQXVsTmloYjNpVHc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiVFRWN21FV0s0Smp6cTRTeXZzdGVicE1yVHFuWnRWdjRlKzRLWHltcnFqST0iLCJtYWMiOiJjMTA1NjAxZjVlNjA3NTViZTZhYmJiMDk4NDM2OGM3MjU5NzNmODlhYmQ1N2Q4YmM2ZTMzNTc5MGQ1M2EwYzRmIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3Dwayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6Ims0ZGt3RUxVcXVxQXVsTmloYjNpVHc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiVFRWN21FV0s0Smp6cTRTeXZzdGVicE1yVHFuWnRWdjRlKzRLWHltcnFqST0iLCJtYWMiOiJjMTA1NjAxZjVlNjA3" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        0 of 0
        array:1 [ "wayfindertarget" => null ]
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Thu, 27 Feb 2025 17:13:59 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6InpITjdXY1Q3VDlsZ3BZK3BJVnE2Vnc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoicS9qNFFtd1dyNDd2ajVwSzJOVDM4ZUw3M216N250Y25XL1VXdmdpWS9SOW9hbHdoM04zTnF4YW53cTdYb09TSnlIMDJMMEtTRU85a2pDV05QWm1CUVY0V2h3TStGNENDRlNwQkRRY0JZOU5pTjFxd3NtaU5pNmxZcFFIQW1QUGYiLCJtYWMiOiI0ZTAxZTVlNDI4MDVkMGMzYjczZjY5OWMzMDRmMDE5ZDUwMWExOGUwNDU4MTZkZjUzMjJhZGRkN2Q5MDAyOWU3IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Sun, 02 Mar 2025 05:13:59 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6InpITjdXY1Q3VDlsZ3BZK3BJVnE2Vnc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoicS9qNFFtd1dyNDd2ajVwSzJOVDM4ZUw3M216N250Y25XL1VXdmdpWS9SOW9hbHdoM04zTnF4YW53cTdYb09TSnlIMDJMM" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6ImZQK29WWDkwa3ljNDQ4OG9NWjVlQkE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZnErN3hpT0dMT1laNW1GTkZTcDRjUi9Sdk5wZDErdFM0ZVd0VnNnbW5iU09BOEpuVHQxclVUWm1WcDQ1K01uRXpIYXl2a3ZnazUxRGdma0FpL0F6aFB6b3p3bk9Hc25aWUE3LzlmWnY0aDVvZldUZ0l5MFhnK0doOFZGNFMzVmsiLCJtYWMiOiI4NmMyYTc2Y2E0ODZmNzFkMDNjNDZmMTNjMjZiMGZiZmU4MWVkYTY5ZjY0YzI2MjRjYWQzYjEyYmQ1MDlkZGRjIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6ImZQK29WWDkwa3ljNDQ4OG9NWjVlQkE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZnErN3hpT0dMT1laNW1GTkZTcDRjUi9Sdk5wZDErdFM0ZVd0VnNnbW5iU09BOEpuVHQxclVUWm1" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6InpITjdXY1Q3VDlsZ3BZK3BJVnE2Vnc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoicS9qNFFtd1dyNDd2ajVwSzJOVDM4ZUw3M216N250Y25XL1VXdmdpWS9SOW9hbHdoM04zTnF4YW53cTdYb09TSnlIMDJMMEtTRU85a2pDV05QWm1CUVY0V2h3TStGNENDRlNwQkRRY0JZOU5pTjFxd3NtaU5pNmxZcFFIQW1QUGYiLCJtYWMiOiI0ZTAxZTVlNDI4MDVkMGMzYjczZjY5OWMzMDRmMDE5ZDUwMWExOGUwNDU4MTZkZjUzMjJhZGRkN2Q5MDAyOWU3IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Sun, 02-Mar-2025 05:13:59 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6InpITjdXY1Q3VDlsZ3BZK3BJVnE2Vnc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoicS9qNFFtd1dyNDd2ajVwSzJOVDM4ZUw3M216N250Y25XL1VXdmdpWS9SOW9hbHdoM04zTnF4YW53cTdYb09TSnlIMDJMM" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6ImZQK29WWDkwa3ljNDQ4OG9NWjVlQkE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZnErN3hpT0dMT1laNW1GTkZTcDRjUi9Sdk5wZDErdFM0ZVd0VnNnbW5iU09BOEpuVHQxclVUWm1WcDQ1K01uRXpIYXl2a3ZnazUxRGdma0FpL0F6aFB6b3p3bk9Hc25aWUE3LzlmWnY0aDVvZldUZ0l5MFhnK0doOFZGNFMzVmsiLCJtYWMiOiI4NmMyYTc2Y2E0ODZmNzFkMDNjNDZmMTNjMjZiMGZiZmU4MWVkYTY5ZjY0YzI2MjRjYWQzYjEyYmQ1MDlkZGRjIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6ImZQK29WWDkwa3ljNDQ4OG9NWjVlQkE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZnErN3hpT0dMT1laNW1GTkZTcDRjUi9Sdk5wZDErdFM0ZVd0VnNnbW5iU09BOEpuVHQxclVUWm1" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "PE6yPgcbm6Re6EzOPlJISvej3wmxdHQKwnJH43dY" "uc_cart_id" => "0763ad9780fadc714f68921852763b7a" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/337" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-27 17:13:59GET/chapter/337112198