Normalization And “Outsiderhood”

DEMOCRATIC VALUES AS NORMAL VALUES: ON NORMALIZATION AS A SOCIAL PROCESS

Author(s): Anders Johansson

Pp: 80-90 (11)

DOI: 10.2174/978160805279011103010080

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

In Swedish neoliberal political rhetoric the word democratic has come to designate already established “normal” values said to be inherent to Western culture. Democracy is seen as already established by a cultural process called democratization. In this way a narrative is formed that is essential for the neoliberal view of democracy of choices within an already established order. This also makes it possible for the Swedish national school curriculum to enumerate what is said to be undeniably fundamental democratic values as something given, that anyone sharing the same cultural heritage ought to agree upon. In a study by ethnologist Ann Runfors, included in a report by the Swedish Commission of Inquiry on Power, Integration and Structural Discrimination (2006), she describes the kind of normalizing social processes that thus permits the establishing of values as undeniable. In my article I elaborate on her analysis, in order to reach further into the complexities involved in understanding such social processes of normalization in their ability to legitimize certain interpretations of specific values. On a further level I also discuss the concept of social process itself, that I argue stands in close connection to the concept of culture. Through the poststructuralist questionings by Derrida and Foucault of culture as a concept for definable communities that produces their meaning, their values and their norms, I argue the need of literary reading and philosophical analysis as a complement to the empirical research of the social sciences in order to challenge normalization processes by reading differently.


Keywords: democracy, normal values, culture, social processes, normalization, structural discrimination, cultural relativism, rational choice, close reading, deconstruction, hyperbolization.

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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
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      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 873352086 and j.to_ip >=873352086 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740457221 and j.to_date >= 1740457221 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 3064) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 873352086 and j.to_ip >=873352086 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740457221 and j.to_date >= 1740457221 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 3064) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 873352086 and j.to_ip >=873352086 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1740457221 and j.to_date >= 1740457221 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 3064)
      800μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 998 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1740457221 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1740457221 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.13msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 998
      • 3: 1740457221
      • 4: 1740457221
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='8df5ef51ac829566b05adac8a1e6d730'
      290μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Keywords
    11Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        jFg25AZpMSYwXKwwsOI6Eze1P72er4jc1OrieKLa
        uc_cart_id
        8df5ef51ac829566b05adac8a1e6d730
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/3064" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/3064
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:17 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "cookie" => array:1 [ 0 => "wayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6IlpHMzdxVVY5d08weGNJcmVqZVpmckE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiYUR4UXpIN0NFZGo5dC9uV3ZIR0FuWlZ2VlZCNHFCYnQvbm01YVB4Z01UTT0iLCJtYWMiOiI4YjdhZWMxMDUzMDUzY2E3ZTc3OWM4Y2ZhODQ2MmVmYzgzOWI3ZDBhYWRjYzhmNjI0Nzc4NDg4YzQyNjUyMTdhIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3Dwayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6IlpHMzdxVVY5d08weGNJcmVqZVpmckE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiYUR4UXpIN0NFZGo5dC9uV3ZIR0FuWlZ2VlZCNHFCYnQvbm01YVB4Z01UTT0iLCJtYWMiOiI4YjdhZWMxMDUzMDUz" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        0 of 0
        array:1 [ "wayfindertarget" => null ]
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache, private" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Tue, 25 Feb 2025 04:20:21 GMT" ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Ijdldi9FWFZsNUFVVm4wdlprM092RVE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoid3ozNGdzcTFLVzRnNC9hbmsxa1V5cEpMRS9CejV3MHFGcEFwNWtDTG5URXJzeUlVS2VrcGJvQmdzV1FrL2ZZUVIyc29MZks0ckg4aFNKall6SjVBMm1ud1NjNmM4RmUwTlBtSDdQNnc2OUo1N0pnRXh0OE5oMUp0STdqVUNlbnMiLCJtYWMiOiJlMGE3MDQ3YzEyNDk3MjUwMzdiYWM0OGEyOWFhOTNmMGJjNjQ2ODY0NzE2ZmU4NWIxNmUxYzEwOTc1NzZjMzEyIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 27 Feb 2025 16:20:21 GMT; Max-Age=216000; path=/; secure; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Ijdldi9FWFZsNUFVVm4wdlprM092RVE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoid3ozNGdzcTFLVzRnNC9hbmsxa1V5cEpMRS9CejV3MHFGcEFwNWtDTG5URXJzeUlVS2VrcGJvQmdzV1FrL2ZZUVIyc29MZ" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6Ik9jUWhmaXc4elFiK3BZRDhTY2pTY3c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiT2gzeDZxZnRMd00xdUo1Nk5iZ24xN3JBRkN1WTRoZ1RCbUJpenhYVWZXVVpvYU9IK1RBZUxmdmVvS2t4bUJCSmZ6akh0MGwxc3FwUk00Sm9wOGRvdlo0dndSOEMyNzhpNGt0SFFsODhhMjdyWDhZSEhoeHViZGJPZ29tT2NwV1EiLCJtYWMiOiJlNTA0NmYyZjA1NWQ4YTViZjI2MGM5MmQxNjYxNzhhOTk0ZTNhNWNjZjk0MmFmM2Q5ODNjYmE5MDNmNjMxZWVhIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponly; samesite=laxalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6Ik9jUWhmaXc4elFiK3BZRDhTY2pTY3c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiT2gzeDZxZnRMd00xdUo1Nk5iZ24xN3JBRkN1WTRoZ1RCbUJpenhYVWZXVVpvYU9IK1RBZUxmdmV" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Ijdldi9FWFZsNUFVVm4wdlprM092RVE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoid3ozNGdzcTFLVzRnNC9hbmsxa1V5cEpMRS9CejV3MHFGcEFwNWtDTG5URXJzeUlVS2VrcGJvQmdzV1FrL2ZZUVIyc29MZks0ckg4aFNKall6SjVBMm1ud1NjNmM4RmUwTlBtSDdQNnc2OUo1N0pnRXh0OE5oMUp0STdqVUNlbnMiLCJtYWMiOiJlMGE3MDQ3YzEyNDk3MjUwMzdiYWM0OGEyOWFhOTNmMGJjNjQ2ODY0NzE2ZmU4NWIxNmUxYzEwOTc1NzZjMzEyIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 27-Feb-2025 16:20:21 GMT; path=/; secureXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Ijdldi9FWFZsNUFVVm4wdlprM092RVE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoid3ozNGdzcTFLVzRnNC9hbmsxa1V5cEpMRS9CejV3MHFGcEFwNWtDTG5URXJzeUlVS2VrcGJvQmdzV1FrL2ZZUVIyc29MZ" 1 => "alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6Ik9jUWhmaXc4elFiK3BZRDhTY2pTY3c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiT2gzeDZxZnRMd00xdUo1Nk5iZ24xN3JBRkN1WTRoZ1RCbUJpenhYVWZXVVpvYU9IK1RBZUxmdmVvS2t4bUJCSmZ6akh0MGwxc3FwUk00Sm9wOGRvdlo0dndSOEMyNzhpNGt0SFFsODhhMjdyWDhZSEhoeHViZGJPZ29tT2NwV1EiLCJtYWMiOiJlNTA0NmYyZjA1NWQ4YTViZjI2MGM5MmQxNjYxNzhhOTk0ZTNhNWNjZjk0MmFmM2Q5ODNjYmE5MDNmNjMxZWVhIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; path=/; secure; httponlyalphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6Ik9jUWhmaXc4elFiK3BZRDhTY2pTY3c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiT2gzeDZxZnRMd00xdUo1Nk5iZ24xN3JBRkN1WTRoZ1RCbUJpenhYVWZXVVpvYU9IK1RBZUxmdmV" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "jFg25AZpMSYwXKwwsOI6Eze1P72er4jc1OrieKLa" "uc_cart_id" => "8df5ef51ac829566b05adac8a1e6d730" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/3064" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-25 04:20:21GET/chapter/30641121913