The Economics of Alternative Energy Sources and Globalization

Hidden Ethanol Subsidies in Brazil Revisited

Author(s): Troy G. Schmitz and James L. Seale

Pp: 65-75 (11)

DOI: 10.2174/978160805233211101010065

* (Excluding Mailing and Handling)

Abstract

Brazil is the world’s largest sugar producer and exporter of ethanol, and the world’s second largest ethanol producer. Hidden subsidies such as government blend ratios have added to Brazil’s ability to produce sugar and ethanol. The blend ratio has remained relatively stable over the last several years, but it likely will be changed to promote more sugar production, relative to ethanol, given the high price of sugar in 2009.

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      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1518
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Trial Access" as access_base_text, CASE j.type WHEN 111 THEN true ELSE false END as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_trail` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 58841643 and j.to_ip >=58841643 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739848231 and j.to_date >= 1739848231 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 2983) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Subscribed" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "S" as content_download_type, null as restricted_user_access_key, null as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_corporate` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 58841643 and j.to_ip >=58841643 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739848231 and j.to_date >= 1739848231 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 2983) union (select j.user_access_id,j.volume_id,j.user_id,j.from_ip,j.to_ip,j.type,j.track,"Token Based Access" as access_base_text, false as terms_popup, "R" as content_download_type, j.uc_id as restricted_user_access_key, "v" as restricted_user_access_type, CASE j.track WHEN 0 THEN false ELSE true END as tracksAccessByVolume,"chapter" as access_level, j.chapter_id from `user_access_chapter_token` as `j` inner join `user_access_info` as `info` on `j`.`user_access_id` = `info`.`user_access_id` where ((j.from_ip <= 58841643 and j.to_ip >=58841643 )) and ((j.from_date <= 1739848231 and j.to_date >= 1739848231 and j.perpetual= 0) or (j.from_date is null and j.to_date is null and j.perpetual= 1)) and j.chapter_id = 2983)
      780μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022UserAccess.php#1266
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/UserAccess/UserAccess.php:1266
      • 14. app/Http/Controllers/ChapterController.php:1549
      • 15. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 16. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • select b.banner_link, b.banner_name, b.banner_script, b.banner_remarks, b.banner_file_name, b.banner_placement, bd.content_type, bd.content_id from `tbl_banner` as `b` inner join `tbl_banner_detail` as `bd` on `bd`.`banner_id` = `b`.`banner_id` inner join `users` as `u` on `u`.`id` = `b`.`updated_by` where `b`.`banner_ebook` = 1 and `bd`.`content_type` = 'B' and `bd`.`content_id` = 993 and `b`.`banner_from_date` <= 1739848231 and `b`.`banner_to_date` >= 1739848231 and `b`.`banner_status` = 'A' order by `b`.`banner_id` desc
      1.54msalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Banner.php#95
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: B
      • 2: 993
      • 3: 1739848231
      • 4: 1739848231
      • 5: A
      Backtrace
      • 13. app/Models/Banner.php:95
      • 14. app/Http/helpers.php:404
      • 17. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    • select count(*) as aggregate from `uc_cart_products` where cart_id='175ad5c81d19dfd2f7ab91aec5f5cb18'
      220μsalphaeurekaselec_live_10_06_2022Cart.php#271
      Backtrace
      • 15. app/Models/Cart.php:271
      • 16. view::layouts._header:260
      • 18. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • 19. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 20. vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:73
    App\Models\Chapter
    1Chapter.php#?
    App\Models\Keywords
    1Keywords.php#?
    App\Models\Ebook
    1Ebook.php#?
        _token
        6uDg2MP5jh8PwUeKNbK9zvGaxTwU4bAwwvcBQgmr
        uc_cart_id
        175ad5c81d19dfd2f7ab91aec5f5cb18
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/2983" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /chapter/2983
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:17 [ "x-https" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "alpha.eurekaselect.com" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "cookie" => array:1 [ 0 => "_ga=GA1.1.1298169576.1739848225; _ga_9F3B5VV3T3=GS1.1.1739848225.1.1.1739848225.60.0.0; wayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6Ilc4SkRYWS9QQVlzWXdyM3Z6WklXc1E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiVlN2YXRUNUZETVltM3FNMXMySWhuUTVCYisxZU9SU0dzdWwrazFUR0ZhTkt2Q2JEeEJWbi9DRTdRWitYWUNHdyIsIm1hYyI6ImM0YjRjNmY3NWE3MmJhZjY2ZTQ3ZjZjYmEwODEwZTkwMzFmZTk3NDAzYjhlY2VmNDE5NmE1YTI5ZDE2MWQyODUiLCJ0YWciOiIifQ%3D%3D; XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Ik53VmFIYmlWQWg4dDRSN2hsR2xkSFE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiSmFqcElIdUtOSjhlLy9GM1k0ZUNXVEg4YldyTi9VYTJEVHJ1a0tQMmJzRFNVN2NJcUp6UHFiNkJ6dEd6YUVyTy9BREZCZlRWbEw3S2thdjYyMlBQZFYrRWd0a01MMXU4VHoyQWFvYWVuV0xNYlhJNXBTUDV3cWlPbnJHckw2aG4iLCJtYWMiOiI3MjdhMGE0MWZlNjUxZWJjNGE2ZDliZTg5MzEzZGQyNzY1MjA1MzFlOTc4MWI2ZTY2NWUwNTFiMzEzOGE0NzgxIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; alphaeurekaselectnet_session=eyJpdiI6IkRaem8wczJjajE0dmQxWHBRdWt6TlE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiaDIrUnQxUTNPQXhiUUpFM2hIN3gyOGYwUCtpdHY2NlBIRVcwR1VOWkw1RWFhQzJhTUIwbnRYbTh0cmhhaUNkWkZDVlhOZXMwMjI4Vy8rUVp1ZmtlYXlyUnNhUFlhQWpLaDZvZ0xHT1BvZXhDaHQvK2lBdHhMcnJKL2h3dXM1QkwiLCJtYWMiOiJmNTViNzU5N2NkN2QzZTg0OWI1MTVhZGMyMDkxNzAxN2QxNTIwNTlkY2U1ZTkyNzVmNzA5NDFjZTZiYTBhNjhjIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; fpestid=wUJd_32cVYYQj2z2DZL3N9bK79pL6neE9YkzGFt_RYAoUPzPxRH0fvQs4H0E8ZzIp2ayeQ_ga=GA1.1.1298169576.1739848225; _ga_9F3B5VV3T3=GS1.1.1739848225.1.1.1739848225.60.0.0; wayfindertarget=eyJpdiI6Ilc4SkRYWS9QQVlzWXdyM3Z6WklXc1E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoi" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, deflate, br, zstd" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] ]
        request_cookies
        0 of 0
        array:6 [ "_ga" => null "_ga_9F3B5VV3T3" => null "wayfindertarget" => null "XSRF-TOKEN" => "6uDg2MP5jh8PwUeKNbK9zvGaxTwU4bAwwvcBQgmr" "alphaeurekaselectnet_session" => "g8LvclSQ3hMFdgCz8n5ZDSp8V6ic72lCxjhmmb5C" "fpestid" => null ]
        response_headers
        0 of 0
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        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:5 [ "_token" => "6uDg2MP5jh8PwUeKNbK9zvGaxTwU4bAwwvcBQgmr" "uc_cart_id" => "175ad5c81d19dfd2f7ab91aec5f5cb18" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://alpha.eurekaselect.com/chapter/2983" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]
        ClearShow all
        Date ↕MethodURLData
        #12025-02-18 03:10:31GET/chapter/2983112193